scholarly journals Novel Exertion of Intelligent Static Compensator Based Smart Inverters for Ancillary Services in a Distribution Utility Network-Review

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shriram Srinivasarangan Rangarajan ◽  
Jayant Sharma ◽  
C. K. Sundarabalan
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Efficient Integration ◽  
Utility Network ◽  
Static Compensator ◽  
Smart Inverters

Integration of distributed energy resources (DER) has always posed a challenge. Smart inverters have started playing a crucial role in efficient integration of DERs. With the basic functionalities of traditional inverters in place, smart inverters can provide grids with related ancillary services either from the customer side or from the utility as well. The ancillary/augmented service from smart inverters includes the concept of reactive power exchange with the grid. Such grid support functions includes the functionalities of photovoltaic/plug in electric vehicles (PV/PEV) inverters as a static synchronous compensators (STATCOMs) by performing virtual detuning, temporary over voltage (TOV) mitigation, voltage regulation, frequency support and ride through capabilities. As the penetration levels of DERs have gone up, the need for such ancillary services has grown as well. This paper is organized in such a way that it will serve as a benchmark for smart inverter technologies in the form of a review. It includes several domains involving the applications, advanced and coordinated control, topologies and many more aspects that are associated with smart inverters based on reactive power compensation schemes for ancillary services. Apart from that, the applications those are associated with smart inverters in the smart grid domain are also highlighted in this paper.

scholarly journals Ancillary Services Offered by Distributed Renewable Energy Sources at the Distribution Grid Level: An Attempt at Proper Definition and Quantification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7106
Author(s):  
Charis S. Demoulias ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli D. Malamaki ◽  
Spyros Gkavanoudis ◽  
Juan Manuel Mauricio ◽  
Georgios C. Kryonidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Support Functions

The gradual displacement of synchronous generators driven by conventional power plants, due to the increasing penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) in distribution grids, is creating a shortage of crucial ancillary services (AS) which are vital for the frequency and voltage stability of the grid. These AS, and some new ones, could now be offered by the DRES, particularly those that are converter interfaced, in a coordinated way in order to preserve the grid stability and resilience. Although recent standards and grid codes specify that the DRES exhibit some system support functions, there are no specifications on how to measure and quantify (M & Q) them both at DRES level and in aggregated form. The M & Q of AS is crucial, since it would allow the AS to be treated as tradable AS in the current and future AS markets. This paper attempts to define a number of AS that can be offered by converter-interfaced DRES and suggests methods for their M & Q. The new AS addressed are: (1) inertial response; (2) primary frequency response; (3) active power smoothing (ramp-rate limitation); (4) exchange of reactive power for voltage regulation; (5) fault-ride-through (FRT) and contribution to fault clearing; (6) voltage harmonic mitigation. Additionally, a rough estimation of the additional investment and operational cost, as well as the financial benefits associated with each AS is provided in order to form the basis for the development of business models around each AS in the near future.

STATCOM Based Solid State Voltage Regulation for Isolated Self-Excited Induction Generator

2016 ◽  
pp. 147-183
Author(s):  
Pallavi Thakkur ◽  
Smita Shandilya
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Terminal Voltage ◽  
Resistive Loads ◽  
Static Compensator ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Generating System

Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) offers many advantages such as low cost, simplicity, robust construction, self-protection against faults and maintenance free in today's renewable energy industry. However, the SEIG demands an external supply of reactive power to maintain the constant terminal voltage under the varying loading conditions, which limits the application of SEIG as a standalone power generator. The regulation of speed and voltage does not result in a satisfactory improvement although several studies have been emphasized on this topic in the past. To improve the performance of the SEIG system in isolated areas and to regulate the terminal voltage STATic COMpensator (STATCOM) has been modelled and developed in this dissertation. The STATCOM consists of AC inductors, a DC bus capacitor and solid-state self-commutating devices. The ratings of these components are quite important for designing and controlling of STATCOM to maintain the constant terminal voltage. The proposed generating system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB along with Simulink and sim power system block set toolboxes. The simulated results are presented to demonstrate the capability of an isolated power generating system for feeding three-phase resistive loads.

scholarly journals A Three-Level Inverter Based Static Compensator (STATCOM)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniagboso John Onah
Keyword(s):  
Power Factor ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Voltage Source ◽  
Voltage Source Inverter ◽  
Distribution Lines ◽  
Static Compensator ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

In an electric utility network, the occurrence of voltage depression on transmission and distribution lines is due to the flow of reactive power. It is desirable to regulate the voltage within a narrow range of its nominal value (±5% range around their nominal values). Thus, reactive power control is necessary so as to control dynamic voltage swings under various system conditions and thereby improve the power system transmission and distribution performance. A fast acting Static Compensator (STATCOM) is required to produce or absorb reactive power so as to provide the necessary reactive power balance in transmission and distribution system. Modern reactive power compensation employs voltage source inverter (VSI). In this paper, a static compensator based on three-phase, three-level voltage source inverter (VSI) was investigated. The paper is intended to show how this STATCOM can be used to improve the ac system power factor and voltage regulation, and hence improve the performance of the transmission and distribution lines. Application of this STATCOM to a transmission system achieved unity power factor, thereby reducing the active power loss by 38.7% and consequently decreasing power costs, as well as increasing transmission system capacity. The presence of the STATCOM also reduced the reactive power flowing on the line from 2.79 MVAr to 1745VAr – resulting in optimum voltage regulation at the load bus. The reactive elements (L and C) are small in size.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Effect of Conservation Voltage Reduction on the Hosting Capacity of Inverter-Based Distributed Energy Resources

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1517
Author(s):  
Alexandre B. Nassif ◽  
Ming Dong
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy Resources ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
The Impact

The increased adoption of inverter-based distributed energy resources in the form of the mass deployment of renewable generation systems has been a focal goal of many jurisdictions worldwide. Actions taken by local governments have included adapted regulations, financial subsidies, and a variety of grants. This has spurred the proliferation of solar generation among residential customers in virtually all provinces of the United States and Canada. Needless to say, these small generators are interfaced with DC–AC inverters, which have evolved tremendously since the formation of working groups targeting the impact of inverter-based generation on the grid. Among the first rules and standards are California’s ISO Rule 21 and the UL1741 SA, which were published in September 2017. IEEE followed suit in 2018 with the revision of IEEE 1547, inspiring virtually all jurisdictions to either adopt these standards or adapt them as their own variants. Among many features, these standards mandate inverters to be fitted with autonomous performance functions, including the constant power factor, voltage-reactive power (Volt-VAR), voltage-active power (Volt-Watt), and grid support functions, as well as provisions for compatibility with control centers. These functions have been demonstrated to increase the nameplate hosting capacity. At the same time, grid modernization strategies have become more prevalent, one of which is the use of conservation voltage reduction. This grid modernization initiative has a great impact on the hosting capacity. Conversely, the increased penetration of distributed energy resources has a negative effect on the conservation voltage reduction, but surprisingly to only a limited extent. The characterization of these impacts is addressed in this paper, with a focus on a case with very high DER penetration and with very long daily sunlight hours.

scholarly journals Design of PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Distribution Static Compensator

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 465 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Reddy ◽  
P.V. Prasad ◽  
G.N. Srinivas
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Controller ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Nonlinear Load ◽  
Synchronous Reference Frame ◽  
Static Compensator

<span>This paper presents study of distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM) for compensation of reactive power, harmonic distortion mitigation and load balancing in three phase three wire nonlinear load distribution system. The proposed control algorithm is developed based on synchronous reference frame theory using PI and FUZZY logic controller. The obtained reference current signal from control algorithm is compared in hysteresis band current controller for better switching of D-STATCOM. The performance of DSTATCOM with PI and fuzzy logic controller is also analysed and compared for DC voltage regulation and harmonic distortion mitigation .The proposed method is provided effective compensation for reactive power, harmonic distortion mitigation and load voltage balancing. The simulation results are obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK soft ware.</span>

scholarly journals Assessment for Voltage Violations considering Reactive Power Compensation Provided by Smart Inverters in Distribution Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jindi Hu ◽  
Weibin Yin ◽  
Chengjin Ye ◽  
Weidong Bao ◽  
Jiajia Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Power ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Reactive Power Compensation ◽  
Slice Sampling ◽  
Voltage Deviation ◽  
Regulation Model ◽  
Smart Inverters ◽  
Voltage Violation

Due to the high proportion of renewable energies, traditional voltage regulation methods such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs) and switching capacitors (SCs) are currently facing the challenge of providing fast, step-less, and low-cost reactive power to reduce the increasing risks of voltage violations in distribution networks (DNs). To meet such increasing demand for voltage regulation, smart inverters, including photovoltaics (PVs) and electric vehicle (EV) chargers, stand out as a feasible approach for reactive power compensation. This paper aims to assess the voltage violation risks in DNs considering the reactive power response of smart inverters. Firstly, reactive power compensation models of PVs and EV chargers are investigated and voltage deviation indexes of the regulation results are proposed. Moreover, kernel density estimation (KDE) and slice sampling are adopted to provide the PV output and EV charging demand samples. Then, the risk assessment is carried out with a voltage regulation model utilizing OLTCs, SCs, and available smart inverters. Numerical studies demonstrate that the reactive power support from smart inverters can significantly mitigate the voltage violation risks and reduce the switching and cost of OLTCs and capacitors in DNs.

scholarly journals State Estimation-Based Distributed Energy Resource Optimization for Distribution Voltage Regulation in Telemetry-Sparse Environments Using a Real-Time Digital Twin

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Rachid Darbali-Zamora ◽  
Jay Johnson ◽  
Adam Summers ◽  
C. Birk Jones ◽  
Clifford Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
State Estimation ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Distributed Energy ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Digital Twin

Real-time state estimation using a digital twin can overcome the lack of in-field measurements inside an electric feeder to optimize grid services provided by distributed energy resources (DERs). Optimal reactive power control of DERs can be used to mitigate distribution system voltage violations caused by increased penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems. In this work, a new technology called the Programmable Distribution Resource Open Management Optimization System (ProDROMOS) issued optimized DER reactive power setpoints based-on results from a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm wrapped around OpenDSS time-series feeder simulations. This paper demonstrates the use of the ProDROMOS in a RT simulated environment using a power hardware-in-the-loop PV inverter and in a field demonstration, using a 678 kW PV system in Grafton (MA, USA). The primary contribution of the work is demonstrating a RT digital twin effectively provides state estimation pseudo-measurements that can be used to optimize DER operations for distribution voltage regulation.

scholarly journals Peak Detection Control Strategy based STATCOM for Suppression of Power Quality Problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
J. Bangarraju ◽  
V. Rajagopal ◽  
V. Sharada ◽  
K. Lakshmaiah
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategy ◽  
Reactive Power ◽  
Neutral Current ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Peak Detection ◽  
Point Of Common Coupling ◽  
Common Coupling ◽  
Static Compensator ◽  
Regulation Mode ◽  
Zero Voltage

This paper explains about control of VSC using uni-polar switching based Static Compensator (STATCOM) using Peak Detection Control Strategy for elimination of PQ Problems. The proposed STATCOM are operated in PFC (Power Factor Correction) mode and ZVR (Zero Voltage Regulation) mode. Under these operation modes of STATCOM is able to suppression of harmonics, PFC at source, reactive power compensation, load balancing and compensation of neutral current. A non-isolated star/three individual single- phase transformers are connected at PCC (Point of Common Coupling) to mitigate neutral current. The Peak Detection Control Strategy is simple to implement for estimating switching pulses for VSC. This peak detection control strategy based STATCOM is modelled, simulated results are validated using MATLAB R2013b.

scholarly journals Ancillary Services Market Design in Distribution Networks: Review and Identification of Barriers

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Oureilidis ◽  
Kyriaki-Nefeli Malamaki ◽  
Konstantinos Gallos ◽  
Achilleas Tsitsimelis ◽  
Christos Dikaiakos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Grid Level

The high proliferation of converter-dominated Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRESs) at the distribution grid level has gradually replaced the conventional synchronous generators (SGs) of the transmission system, resulting in emerging stability and security challenges. The inherent characteristics of the SGs are currently used for providing ancillary services (ASs), following the instructions of the Transmission System Operator, while the DRESs are obliged to offer specific system support functions, without being remunerated for these functions, but only for the energy they inject. This changing environment has prompted the integration of energy storage systems as a solution for transfusing new characteristics and elaborating their business in the electricity markets, while the smart grid infrastructure and the upcoming microgrid architectures contribute to the transformation of the distribution grid. This review investigates the existing ASs in transmission system with the respective markets (emphasizing the DRESs’ participation in these markets) and proposes new ASs at distribution grid level, with emphasis to inertial response, active power ramp rate control, frequency response, voltage regulation, fault contribution and harmonic mitigation. The market tools and mechanisms for the procurement of these ASs are presented evolving the existing role of the Operators. Finally, potential barriers in the technical, regulatory, and financial framework have been identified and analyzed.

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