scholarly journals Modeling of Duty-Cycled MAC Protocols for Heterogeneous WSN with Priorities

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canek Portillo ◽  
Jorge Martinez-Bauset ◽  
Vicent Pla ◽  
Vicente Casares-Giner
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Packet Delay ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Save Energy ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have experienced an important revitalization, particularly with the arrival of Internet of Things applications. In a general sense, a WSN can be composed of different classes of nodes, having different characteristics or requirements (heterogeneity). Duty-cycling is a popular technique used in WSN, that allows nodes to sleep and wake up periodically in order to save energy. We believe that the modeling and performance evaluation of heterogeneous WSN with priorities operating in duty-cycling, being of capital importance for their correct design and successful deployment, have not been sufficiently explored. The present work presents a performance evaluation study of a WSN with these features. For a scenario with two classes of nodes composing the network, each with a different channel access priority, an approximate analytical model is developed with a pair of two-dimensional discrete-time Markov chains. Note that the same modeling approach can be used to analyze networks with a larger number of classes. Performance parameters such as average packet delay, throughput and average energy consumption are obtained. Analytical results are validated by simulation, showing accurate results. Furthermore, a new procedure to determine the energy consumption of nodes is proposed that significantly improves the accuracy of previous proposals. We provide quantitative evidence showing that the energy consumption accuracy improvement can be up to two orders of magnitude.

scholarly journals A mobility aware duty cycling and preambling solution for wireless sensor network with mobile sink node

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Thomson ◽  
Isam Wadhaj ◽  
Zhiyuan Tan ◽  
Ahmed Al-Dubai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
Maximum Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Sink Node ◽  
Duty Cycling ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

AbstractUtilising the mobilisation of a sink node in a wireless sensor network to combat the energy hole, or hotspot issue, is well referenced. However, another issue, that of energy spikes may remain. With the mobile sink node potentially communicating with some nodes more than others. In this study we propose the Mobility Aware Duty Cycling and Dynamic Preambling Algorithm (MADCaDPAL). This algorithm utilises an existing solution where a communication threshold is built between a mobile sink node using predictable mobility and static nodes on its path. MADCaDPAL bases decisions relating to node sleep function, moving to clear channel assessment and the subsequent sending of preambles on the relation between the threshold built by the static node and the position of the mobile sink node. MADCaDPAL achieves a reduction in average energy consumption of up to 80%, this when used in conjunction with a lightweight carrier-sense multiple access based MAC implementation. Maximum energy consumption amongst individual nodes is also brought closer to the average, reducing energy spikes and subsequently improving network lifetime. Additionally, frame delivery to the sink is improved overall.

scholarly journals Modifying Building Energy-Saving Design Based on Field Research into Climate Features and Local Residents’ Habits

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Zhu ◽  
Bo Gao ◽  
Xudong Yang ◽  
Zhong Yu ◽  
Ji Ni
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Building Energy Saving ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

In China, a surging urbanization highlights the significance of building energy conservation. However, most building energy-saving schemes are designed solely in compliance with prescriptive codes and lack consideration of the local situations, resulting in an unsatisfactory effect and a waste of funds. Moreover, the actual effect of the design has yet to be thoroughly verified through field tests. In this study, a method of modifying conventional building energy-saving design based on research into the local climate and residents’ living habits was proposed, and residential buildings in Panzhihua, China were selected for trial. Further, the modification scheme was implemented in an actual project with its effect verified by field tests. Research grasps the precise climate features of Panzhihua, which was previously not provided, and concludes that Panzhihua is a hot summer and warm winter zone. Accordingly, the original internal insulation was canceled, and the shading performance of the windows was strengthened instead. Test results suggest that the consequent change of SET* does not exceed 0.5 °C, whereas variations in the energy consumption depend on the room orientation. For rooms receiving less solar radiation, the average energy consumption increased by approximately 20%, whereas for rooms with a severe western exposure, the average energy consumption decreased by approximately 11%. On the other hand, the cost savings of removing the insulation layer are estimated at 177 million RMB (1 USD ≈ 6.5 RMB) per year. In conclusion, the research-based modification method proposed in this study can be an effective tool for improving building energy efficiency adapted to local conditions.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient and Disjoint Multipath Using Face routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7823
Author(s):  
Hyunchong Cho ◽  
Seungmin Oh ◽  
Yongje Shin ◽  
Euisin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Packet Transmission ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Path Generation ◽  
Data Packets ◽  
Hole Area ◽  
Face Routing ◽  
Multiple Routes ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

In WSNs, multipath is well-known as a method to improve the reliability of packet delivery by making multiple routes from a source node to a destination node. To improve reliability and load-balancing, it is important to ensure that disjoint characteristics of multipath do not use same nodes during path generation. However, when multipath studies encounter a hole area from which is hard to transmit data packets, they have a problem with breaking the disjoint features of multipath. Although existing studies propose various strategies to bypass hole areas, they have side effects that significantly accelerate energy consumption and packet transmission delay. Therefore, to retain the disjoint feature of multipath, we propose a new scheme that can reduce delay and energy consumption for a node near a hole area using two approaches—global joint avoidance and local avoidance. This scheme uses global joint avoidance to generate a new path centered on a hole area and effectively bypasses the hole area. This scheme also uses local joint avoidance that does not select the same nodes during new path generation using a marking process. In simulations, the proposed scheme has an average 30% improvement in terms of average energy consumption and delay time compared to other studies.

scholarly journals Food security of paddy farm households based on the proportion of food expenditure and energy consumption level in Jogorogo Ngawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012077
Author(s):  
A D P M Larasati ◽  
Darsono ◽  
S Marwanti
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Household Food Security ◽  
Protein Consumption ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Food Expenditure ◽  
Average Energy Consumption

Abstract Ngawi is the sixth paddy producer in Indonesia and certainly has an influence on the food security of paddy farm households. This study aimed to analyze the proportion of food expenditure (PFE), energy and protein consumption, the relationship between food expenditure and energy consumption, and the condition of food security. The basic method used descriptive analytic. The number of respondents based on the slovin formula was 87 households. The sample selection used stratified random sampling. The data analysis method used correlation with SPSS 22 and cross indicator between PFE and energy consumption level. The results showed that the average of PFE was 58.81%. The average energy consumption was 4,272.2 kcal/household/day with an energy consumption level of 81.93% while the average protein consumption was 122.1 grams/household/day lower than the average household RDA consumption. Food expenditure had a significant relationship to energy consumption with a correlation coefficient of 0.925 including a very strong and unidirectional relationship. The contribution of household food security conditions were 28.7% secure; 32.2% vulnerable; 10.3% less secure; 28.8% insecure.

Thermal Performance of Electrochromic Smart Window with Nanocomposite Structure under Different Climates in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siamak Hoseinzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Smart Window ◽  
Nanocomposite Layer ◽  
Energy Plus ◽  
Average Energy Consumption ◽  
Bandar Abbas ◽  
Different Climates

Objective: This study investigated the optimization of thermal energy consumption using electrochromic components with a new nanocomposite layer (WO3+Ag) in a larger size (window) for a room with an educational application for five cities with different climatic conditions in Iran (Yazd, Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, and Sari). Materials & Methods: For this simulation platform, the software was implemented in Energy Plus. This feasibility study was modeled by DesignBuilder software which reported reduced thermal energy consumption across all climates in Iran (hot and dry, warm and semi-humid, warm and wet, moderate and dry, and mild and humid.). Four strategies were considered for better comparison. The first strategy used for common double-glazed windows, while the second to fourth strategies involved the use of the electrochromic window in three different modes; bleached mode (Off), colored mode (On), and switchable mode (controlled below comfort conditions). Results: The third and fourth strategies indicated a reduction in thermal energy consumption in different climates from 25 to 45% relative to typical windows. The best result of cooling energy consumption was observed in Tehran. Conclusion: For this climate, the average energy consumption dropped to 34% for the warm months of the year and even 42% for the warmest month of the year (August).

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