scholarly journals Which Physical Quantity Deserves the Name “Quantity of Heat”?

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1078
Author(s):  
Friedrich Herrmann ◽  
Michael Pohlig
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Statistical Thermodynamics ◽  
Quantum Statistics ◽  
Quantity Of Heat ◽  
Disordered Energy ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Real Chance ◽  
Scientific American

“What is heat?” was the title of a 1954 article by Freeman J. Dyson, published in Scientific American. Apparently, it was appropriate to ask this question at that time. The answer is given in the very first sentence of the article: heat is disordered energy. We will ask the same question again, but with a different expectation for its answer. Let us imagine that all the thermodynamic knowledge is already available: both the theory of phenomenological thermodynamics and that of statistical thermodynamics, including quantum statistics, but that the term “heat” has not yet been attributed to any of the variables of the theory. With the question “What is heat?” we now mean: which of the physical quantities deserves this name? There are several candidates: the quantities Q, H, Etherm and S. We can then formulate a desideratum, or a profile: What properties should such a measure of the quantity or amount of heat ideally have? Then, we evaluate all the candidates for their suitability. It turns out that the winner is the quantity S, which we know by the name of entropy. In the second part of the paper, we examine why entropy has not succeeded in establishing itself as a measure for the amount of heat, and we show that there is a real chance today to make up for what was missed.

The International System of Units (SI)

1976 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 623-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
George G. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
International System ◽  
Numerical Factor ◽  
International System Of Units ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Physical Quantities

Le Système International d'Unités (officially designated SI in all languages) provides a logical, interconnected framework for measurements in commerce, industry, and science, including the textile and allied fields. SI is based on only nine elemental units. Seventeen important derived units have special names. Any number of derived units is possible to meet particular needs. SI has only one unit for each type of physical quantity. Prefixes cover a range of 1036 to form multiples and submultiples. SI has explicitly distinct units for mass (the kilogram) and force (the newton). Numerous older units of pressure, energy, and power are superseded by the pascal, the joule, and the watt, respectively. Each equation defining a derived unit contains only the number 1 as the numerical factor. SI has salient advantages because it is a system of units coherent with respect to the system of physical quantities and the equations relating them.

scholarly journals The design of electric drives with electronic protection devices

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 04012
Author(s):  
Boris D. Khastsaev ◽  
Larisa M. Dedegkaeva ◽  
Maksim P. Maslakov
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Measuring Circuit ◽  
Structural Scheme ◽  
Electric Drives ◽  
Intelligent Sensors ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Improved Characteristics

The possibility of designing an electronic device for protection and diagnostics of electric drives with improved characteristics is considered. The technique and algorithm of design of similar devices, the structural scheme of the device constructed on their basis are offered. To improve the characteristics of the device of protection and diagnostics of electric drives in the work it is proposed to provide for the use of measuring transducers with linear dependencies of the output values on the controlled ones. The latter is possible as a result of the use of measuring circuits in measuring transducers with linearized dependencies of the output values on the input and the use of intelligent sensors. As a measuring circuit for the construction of measuring transducers is considered the measuring circuit of Kenigsberg, which is characterized by a linear dependence of the output active value of the passive measured (controlled physical quantities). At the same time, the intelligent sensors are additionally assigned the function of linearization of the output dependence of a «simple» sensor on the controlled physical quantity.

scholarly journals A New Method for Calculating Energy of Matter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Approximate Calculation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Finite Range ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
Comparison Relation ◽  
Physical Quantities

An approximate calculation of the spatial characteristics on finite range is required, so one quantitative continuum represents the accumulation of infinite great quantities is artificially divided it into smaller and camparable parts in which calculus operation can be applied .This operation is defined as Theorem 1 in which infinity is not involved, there is a camparable finity is constantly (forever) approaching and not reaching infinity, and only staying within a finite range. Theorem 1 can exist in this paper as a new mathematical basis for physics. Because the essence of all physical quantities is size comparison, and the size comparison relation of matter can only be space/time, so relation formula space/time is the only expression of the concept of matter, all physical quantities are applicable to this expression, each different physical quantity is a multi-dimensional representation of this expression. A new mass energy formula is aslo derived from this paper.

scholarly journals Knowledge Management for Problem Solving Using Semistructured Contradiction Matrix Based on Physical Quantity Description

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1983-1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Partial Match ◽  
Exact Match ◽  
Value Similarity ◽  
Similarity Calculation ◽  
Physical Phenomena ◽  
Physical Quantities

AbstractA Contradiction Matrix of TRIZ that classifies problems to solve as contradictions of features is an effective framework of knowledge management for problem solving. The features, however, may have a problem of completeness because they may not cover contradictions about all physical phenomena. In addition, rigidly structured Contradiction Matrix may have a problem of searchability because a relevant contradiction may not be properly searched if a recorder and a retriever describe it differently. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a semistructured contradiction matrix using not TRIZ features but physical quantities in SI unit. To enable not only exact match but also partial match in searching for relevant contradictions, dimensional similarity and qualitative value similarity of physical quantity and similarity between contradictions are defined. The proposed method is implemented as software in Python and contradictions are described in XML and stored in a semistructured matrix. From the result of similarity calculation between stored contradictions, possible effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed.

The Role of Context and Attention on the Effect of Numerical Digit Value on Time Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-167
Author(s):  
Stefan Pichelmann ◽  
Thomas H. Rammsayer
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Contextual Effect ◽  
Time Reproduction ◽  
Physical Context ◽  
Stimulus Salience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical Quantities

The effect of task-irrelevant numerical values on perceived duration is well established. More precisely, higher numerical values (e.g., ‘9’) correspond to longer estimated durations than lower numerical values (e.g., ‘1’). So far, sparse evidence for two moderators, physical context and stimulus salience, has been provided. The contextual effect refers to an increased difference between estimated durations for low and high numerical values when Arabic digits are presented simultaneously with large physical quantities (e.g., ‘kg’), instead of small physical quantities (e.g., ‘g’). Similarly, the salience effect refers to the observation that differences in time estimations increase when attention is directed to numerical values’ magnitude. Using a time reproduction paradigm, we conducted four experiments to further investigate these two moderators and their possible interaction. In Experiments 1a and 1b, target intervals differed in duration (800, 1000, 1200 ms), numerical value (1, 2, 8, 9), and physical quantity (mg, kg, without). Experiments 2 and 3 additionally included the manipulation of the attentional focus (numerical value or physical quantity) and further quantities (cm, km). Our results supported the positive effect of numerical values on reproduced durations. This was also true for the moderating effect of stimulus salience, which was always significant. In contrast, no evidence for a contextual effect was observed even when participants’ attention was directed on the difference in physical quantity. In conclusion, our data challenge the existence of a moderating contextual effect, while supporting the moderating effect of stimulus salience.

scholarly journals Compiuter technologies assist potential energy with experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Alion Alizoti ◽  
Floran Vila ◽  
Zenun Mulaj ◽  
Polikron Dhoqina
Keyword(s):  
Potential Energy ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Simple Experiment ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Perfect Form ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Research Studies

Energy is an important physical quantity to study and reconstruct nature at our own leisure.  Implementations of new tendencies in Physics show that energy, and other physical quantities, need careful examinations before being applied. Following international and national recommendations, our present work focused on several research studies concerning potential energy. A simple experiment was developed to verify the conservation of energy. At the end, the participants were convinced that it is really difficult to achieve the conservation of energy to its perfect form. They also ended with some intriguing conclusions, similar to the research studies this activity referred to.   

scholarly journals A New Method for Calculating Energy of Matter

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Qing Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Approximate Calculation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Finite Range ◽  
Mass Energy ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
Comparison Relation ◽  
Physical Quantities

An approximate calculation of the spatial characteristics on finite range is required, so one quantitative continuum represents the accumulation of infinite great quantities is artificially divided it into smaller and camparable parts in which calculus operation can be applied .This operation is defined as Theorem 1 in which infinity is not involved, there is a camparable finity is constantly (forever) approaching and not reaching infinity, and only staying within a finite range. Theorem 1 can exist in this paper as a new mathematical basis for physics. Because the essence of all physical quantities is size comparison, and the size comparison relation of matter can only be space/time, so relation formula space/time is the only expression of the concept of matter, all physical quantities are applicable to this expression, each different physical quantity is a multi-dimensional representation of this expression. A new mass energy formula is aslo derived from this paper.

The Quantum Statistics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John von Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Energy Operator ◽  
Quantum Statistics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Method ◽  
Other Hand

This chapter returns to the analysis of quantum mechanical theories. In the previous chapter, how quantum mechanics makes possible the determination of all possible values of one particular physical quantity—energy—was only discussed. These values are the eigenvalues of the energy operator (i.e., the numbers of its spectrum). On the other hand, no mention was made about the values of other quantities, as well as regarding the causal or statistical relations among the values of several quantities. The statements of the theory relative to this problem are thus considered in this chapter. It takes as a basis the wave mechanical method of description since the equivalence of the two theories has already been established.

scholarly journals MODEL OF RATING OF NON PHYSICAL QUANTITY

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
V. M. Romanchak
Keyword(s):  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Identical Result ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Functional Communication ◽  
Scale Interval ◽  
Measuring Scale ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Physical Quantities

Physical quantities are distinguished from non-physical quantities the method of measurement. In addition, when measuring physical quantities, the concept of identical objects is considered. For example, is equally likely outcomes in classical probability theory or equality of scale interval of a measuring scale. For nonphysical size we will take measurements by subjective estimation in an order scale, but also to use an undefined notion of the sequence of equally different objects. This approach has been used successfully in some researches for subjective characteristics of the objects. For example, the sequence of stars in the sky of various brightness or levels of difficulty of the test. The numbers of members of such a sequence are called ratings. Having defined rating, it is possible to find values of size if to consider that to equally different objects there corresponds the identical result of paired comparison. As the expert compares objects, without determining the sizes of objects, it is natural to assume that the way of comparison is not known to him. It means that as mathematical model we defined an indirect way of finding of values of nonphysical size at an unknown way of comparison. Having chosen a way of comparison, each object can put number which we will call the subjective size of an object in compliance. In a metrology of ways of numerical comparison of physical quantities only two is a difference and the relation. Therefore at assessment of subjective sizes we will be limited in two ways – a difference and the relation of the sizes of sizes.As an example of application of the theory the functional communication, between physical quantity and nonphysical size, established by empirical laws is analyzed. It is noted that Fekhner and Stephens’s empirical laws use a difference or the relation of subjective sizes. But the difference or the relations of sizes can be expressed through the difference of ratings. Therefore there is an opportunity for each law to receive a ratio between the difference of ratings and physical quantity. Coincidence of two laws of Fekhner and Stephens, after transition to rating, confirms reliability of our model.

scholarly journals Mnemonics use when memorizing physical quantities and formulae

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-177
Author(s):  
Rozaliya Petrovna Vinokourova
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Physical Quantity ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
School Students ◽  
Physical Size ◽  
Tabular Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Slide Show ◽  
Physical Quantities

This paper discusses the use of mnemonics-visualization when memorizing physical quantities and formulae by high school students. Visualization is represented in the form of a drawing of each physical quantity that is associated with a physical quantity concept. A letter denoting a physical size is accompanied by details that indicate the scope of the variable. The paper contains ways of application of a computer slide show animated presentation and a tabular method of modeling. The importance of this work is explained by the fact that its use for the study of physical quantities and formulae helps lagging students to remember values and formulas effectively. Studies of students mastering the material with the help of mnemonics show that the correlation coefficient of 2,9 is positive. This indicates a strong relationship between the indicators. Mnemonics use significantly increases the degree of memorization of physical quantities by students, hence increases the assimilation of the main sections of physics. This developed system for efficient memorization of physical quantities and formulae can be used in different types of schools.

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