scholarly journals Consumption of Carnivores by Wolves: A Worldwide Analysis of Patterns and Drivers

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 470
Author(s):  
Inês Martins ◽  
Miha Krofel ◽  
Paulo G. Mota ◽  
Francisco Álvares
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Nonprotected Areas ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Wolf Diet

The occurrence of carnivore species in wolf diet has been overlooked and poorly studied despite the potential implications for wolf ecology and wildlife management. We conducted an extensive literature review, focusing on 120 wolf diet studies worldwide to assess global patterns of carnivore consumption by wolves and their ecological and human-related determinants. We used a total of 143 sampling sites with data on the consumption of carnivores by wolves. In total, 35 carnivore species were reported to be consumed by wolves, comprising members of all taxonomic carnivore families represented within the gray wolf range. The carnivores were mostly limited to occasional consumption (<5% of wolf diet) but could account for as much as 25% in some study areas. The most frequently consumed carnivore species were those with reported scavenging behavior, belonging to medium-sized generalist canids. Generalized linear model (GLM) analysis revealed that higher magnitudes of carnivore consumption were related to nonprotected areas as well as lower occurrences of wild ungulates, domestic ungulates, and small mammals in wolf diet, while higher numbers of consumed carnivore species were related to nonprotected areas with low vegetation productivity and lower occurrences of domestic ungulates and small mammals in wolf diet. Our results suggest that carnivore consumption by wolves is driven by altered ecosystems and human-dominated landscapes, where mesopredator densities are often increased and prey densities decreased, which intensify competition and the need for alternative food sources.

scholarly journals Oropendola nest predation and rodent consumption by the black-capped capuchin (Sapajus apella) in the Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Lee ◽  
Michelle Huang
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
First Record ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Egg Predation ◽  
Sapajus Apella

The Neotropical primate Sapajus apella (Linnaeus, 1758), the black-capped capuchin monkey, is widely distributed across the Amazon basin (Boubli et al., 2020). Capuchins are generalist platyrrhines, occurring in most tropical forest types, where they forage opportunistically (Sabbatini et al., 2008; Lynch Alfaro et al., 2012; Boubli et al., 2020). They exploit a diverse variety of food sources, such as fruit, seeds, arthropods and vertebrate prey including small mammals (Rose, 1997; Resende et al., 2003; Albuquerque et al., 2014). Their foraging strategy is highly resourceful and adaptive, and are often considered as important predators of nests (Canale and Bernardo, 2016), including those of caiman (Torralvo et al., 2017), coatis (Rose, 1997) and especially of birds (Watts, 2020). In this work, we report observations of a foraging event by Sapajus apella that includes the first record of egg predation of the russet-backed oropendola, Psarocolius angustifrons (von Spix, 1824), as well as the predation of arboreal rodents, Oecomys sp. (Thomas, 1906).

scholarly journals Replacing Red Meat with Alternative Food Sources of Protein on Risk of Type 2 Diabetes - Modeling Dietary Changes in a Causal Framework

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1418-1418
Author(s):  
Daniel Ibsen ◽  
Marianne Jakobsen ◽  
Jytte Halkjær ◽  
Erik Parner ◽  
Kim Overvad
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Whole Grains ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Incident Type ◽  
Exposure Effect ◽  
Alternative Food Sources

Abstract Objectives We investigated whether decreasing the intake of red meat and simultaneously increasing the intake of alternative food sources of protein affects the risk of type 2 diabetes compared with no changes in the substituted foods. We also examined interaction with the age at which participants changed their diet. Methods We used the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort including men and women, two measures of diet taken roughly 5 years apart using food frequency questionnaires and information on incident type 2 diabetes derived from the Danish National Diabetes Register (n = 39,349; aged 55 to 72 years at the second diet measure; n cases = 3759). The pseudo-observation method was used to estimate the average exposure effect of decreasing the intake of red meat (processed and unprocessed) while increasing the intake of either poultry, fish, cheese, eggs or whole grains compared with no changes in the substituted foods on the subsequent 10-year risk of development type 2 diabetes. Results In multivariable adjusted models, we found that replacing 1 serving/day (100 g) of red meat with 1 serving/day of eggs (50 g) (risk difference −2.4%, 95% confidence interval −3.7 to −1.1%) or whole grains (30 g) (−1.4%, −2.2 to −0.6%) was associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. No effects were observed for other replacements. In general, the lowest risk was observed for replacements at age 55 years compared with older ages (up to 70 years) for all replacements. Conclusions Replacing red meat with eggs or whole grains may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes compared with no changes in the substituted foods. Changing red meat intake in midlife may be more beneficial than at older ages. Funding Sources Aarhus University.

Promoting access to fresh fruits and vegetables through a local market intervention at a subway station

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 3258-3270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Chaput ◽  
Geneviève Mercille ◽  
Louis Drouin ◽  
Yan Kestens
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Market Intervention ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Physical Access

AbstractObjectiveAlternative food sources (AFS) such as local markets in disadvantaged areas are promising strategies for preventing chronic disease and reducing health inequalities. The present study assessed how sociodemographic characteristics, physical access and fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption are associated with market use in a newly opened F&V market next to a subway station in a disadvantaged neighbourhood.DesignTwo cross-sectional surveys were conducted among adults: (i) on-site, among shoppers who had just bought F&V and (ii) a telephone-based population survey among residents living within 1 km distance from the market.SettingOne neighbourhood in Montreal (Canada) with previously limited F&V offerings.SubjectsRespectively, 218 shoppers and 335 residents completed the on-site and telephone-based population surveys.ResultsAmong shoppers, 23 % were low-income, 56 % did not consume enough F&V and 54 % did not have access to a car. Among all participants living 1 km from the market (n472), market usage was associated (OR; 95 % CI) with adequate F&V consumption (1·86; 1·10, 3·16), living closer to the market (for distance: 0·86; 0·76, 0·97), having the market on the commute route (2·77; 1·61, 4·75) and not having access to a car (2·96; 1·67, 5·26).ConclusionsWhen implemented in strategic locations such as transport hubs, AFS like F&V markets offer a promising strategy to improve F&V access among populations that may be constrained in their food acquisition practices, including low-income populations and those relying on public transportation.

Alternative food sources of native and non-native bivalves in a subtropical eutrophic lake

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 735 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soledad Marroni ◽  
Carlos Iglesias ◽  
Néstor Mazzeo ◽  
Juan Clemente ◽  
Franco Teixeira de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Alternative Food ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Alternative Food Sources

scholarly journals Environmental Role of National Parks

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molla Mekonnen Alemu
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Access To Food

The natural ecosystems are endangered due to human behavior; the razing of forests is diminishing the world’s oxygen supply and potentially irreplaceable natural resources. Wetlands are being drained, eliminating breeding environments for millions of birds and reproducing grounds for fish; cherished fauna and flora species are being endangered from extinction. Clean water, clean air, access to food sources, buffers of weather events, cultural and spiritual values, and raw materials for consumers, are some of the ecosystem services that ensure the well-being of humanity. Well-managed protected areas are a proven mechanism in the protection and conservation of healthy ecosystems and the services they provide. National Parks are essentially planned to shelter the lasting "wilderness" of a given country and have principally dedicated on the maintenance of extraordinary areas or emblematic species. This paper is aimed at exploring the environmental role of national parks by having an extensive literature review and come up with recommendations which can help the conservation of national parks.

Comparative responses of small mammals, vegetation, and food sources to natural regeneration and conifer release treatments in boreal balsam fir stands of Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Gagné ◽  
Louis Bélanger ◽  
Jean Huot
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Advance Regeneration

Abundance and species diversity of small mammals were compared among three regeneration methods used in boreal balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests. Those methods were natural regeneration after "careful logging" to retain advance regeneration and planting (black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) followed by herbicide (Vision®) release or brushsaw cutting release. Deciduous vegetation was reduced for two growing seasons in both plantation types after treatment, and foliar arthropods decreased for one growing season. In herbicide-treated plantations, red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shrub cover, near-ground vegetation, and production of berries were reduced for two growing seasons. After herbicide release, the abundance of the red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi (Vigors)) was significantly lowered for two growing seasons. This negative effect was associated with reduced cover during the first two post-treatment growing seasons. In the short term, herbicide-treated plantations constitute poorer red-backed vole habitats than brushsaw plantations. In early successional boreal balsam fir stands, planting did not markedly affect small mammals probably because natural regeneration was common in these plantations.

scholarly journals Diet and wild ungulate preferences of wolves in northwestern Anatolia during winter

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7446
Author(s):  
Deniz Mengüllüoğlu ◽  
Eylül İlaslan ◽  
Hasan Emir ◽  
Anne Berger
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Wild Ungulate ◽  
Pack Size ◽  
North West ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Almost All

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is making a comeback in many habitats in central Europe, where it has been once extirpated. Although densities are still low to moderate, this comeback already raises management concerns. In Anatolia, the gray wolf is one of the most common predator species occupying almost all kind of habitats. Although its numbers were reduced in some parts of the country, it has never been extirpated and lived in sympatry with humans. In this study we investigated, for the first time, the winter diet of wolves in north-west Anatolia, where a multispecies wild ungulate community occurs in sympatry with high density livestock. We selected two geographically close but different habitats (steppe and forest) with different wild prey availabilities and compositions. In both areas ungulate contribution to winter diet biomass was more than 90%. Wolf pack size (four to eight wolves) were higher in the study area where livestock numbers and human disturbance were lower and wild prey were more available. In both study areas, wild boar (Sus scrofa) was the main and most preferred food item (Chesson’s α = 0.7 − 0.9) and it occurred at higher density where wolf pack size was smaller. We could not find a high preference (Chesson’s α = 0.3) and high winter predation pressure on the reintroduced Anatolian wild sheep (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) population that occurs in the study area covered by steppe vegetation. Contribution of livestock and food categories other than wild ungulates to wolf diet stayed low. Wolves can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict regulating wild boar numbers, the most common conflict-causing ungulate species in Anatolia. Instead of managing wolf numbers in human dominated landscapes, we recommend reintroduction of wild ungulates to the areas where they became locally extinct and replaced by livestock.

scholarly journals KORELASI KARAKTER ANATOMI DAUN UBI JALAR (Ipomoea batatas L.) KULTIVAR TAHAN DAN TIDAK TAHAN TERHADAP INTENSITAS PENYAKIT KUDIS DAUN

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ade Winda Pradana ◽  
Siti Samiyarsih ◽  
Juni Safitri Muljowati
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Lower Productivity ◽  
Stomata Size ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Inoculation Treatment ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of alternative food sources beside than rice. Sweet potatoes are contains minerals, nutrients, sources of energy, protein, vitamins A and C. Sweet potatoes have lower productivity than rice and cassava. The low productivity of sweet potatoes due to several factors, which one of them is a leaf scab disease caused by pathogens Sphaceloma batatas Saw. The purpose of this study is to determine the character of the anatomy of sweet potato leaf cultivars that resistant and unresistant to the intensity of leaf scab disease, as well as the correlations between the anatomy character of sweet potato leaves with leaf scab disease intensity. The method used in this study is an experimental method with factorial completely randomized design. The first factor is the character of the anatomy of four cultivars sweet potato leaves, Cangkuang and Sukuh cultivars (cultivars resistant), cultivars Cilembu and Beta (unresistant cultivars). The second factor is the inoculation treatment S. batatas Saw. The parameters were observed thickness of cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll, the size (length and width) stomata, density of stomata and trikomata as well as the intensity of the disease were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). To determine the correlation between the anatomy character leaves with disease intensity using regression correlation analysis. The results showed that Cangkuang cultivar has cuticle, epidermis and mesophyll thickest. Beta cultivars have stomata size of the longest and widest. Cilembu cultivar has the highest density of stomata. Sukuh cultivars has the highest density. The anatomy characters include of a thick cuticle, epidermis, stomata size (length and width), as well as the density of stomata and trikomata correlated with intensity of leaf scab disease.

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