scholarly journals Diet and wild ungulate preferences of wolves in northwestern Anatolia during winter

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7446
Author(s):  
Deniz Mengüllüoğlu ◽  
Eylül İlaslan ◽  
Hasan Emir ◽  
Anne Berger
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Wild Ungulate ◽  
Pack Size ◽  
North West ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Almost All

The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is making a comeback in many habitats in central Europe, where it has been once extirpated. Although densities are still low to moderate, this comeback already raises management concerns. In Anatolia, the gray wolf is one of the most common predator species occupying almost all kind of habitats. Although its numbers were reduced in some parts of the country, it has never been extirpated and lived in sympatry with humans. In this study we investigated, for the first time, the winter diet of wolves in north-west Anatolia, where a multispecies wild ungulate community occurs in sympatry with high density livestock. We selected two geographically close but different habitats (steppe and forest) with different wild prey availabilities and compositions. In both areas ungulate contribution to winter diet biomass was more than 90%. Wolf pack size (four to eight wolves) were higher in the study area where livestock numbers and human disturbance were lower and wild prey were more available. In both study areas, wild boar (Sus scrofa) was the main and most preferred food item (Chesson’s α = 0.7 − 0.9) and it occurred at higher density where wolf pack size was smaller. We could not find a high preference (Chesson’s α = 0.3) and high winter predation pressure on the reintroduced Anatolian wild sheep (Ovis gmelinii anatolica) population that occurs in the study area covered by steppe vegetation. Contribution of livestock and food categories other than wild ungulates to wolf diet stayed low. Wolves can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict regulating wild boar numbers, the most common conflict-causing ungulate species in Anatolia. Instead of managing wolf numbers in human dominated landscapes, we recommend reintroduction of wild ungulates to the areas where they became locally extinct and replaced by livestock.

United Front: Partisans of the Leningrad Region and their connections with the Central Asian Soviet Republics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 214-225
Author(s):  
Sergey Kulik ◽  
Аnatoliy Kashevarov ◽  
Zamira Ishankhodjaeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
World War ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Occupied Territory ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All

During World War II, representatives of almost all the Soviet Republics fought in partisan detachments in the occupied territory of the Leningrad Region. Among them were many representatives of the Central Asian republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. Many Leningrad citizens, including relatives of partisans, had been evacuated to Central Asia by that time. However, representatives of Asian workers’ collectives came to meet with the partisans. The huge distance, the difference in cultures and even completely different weather conditions did not become an obstacle to those patriots-Turkestanis who joined the resistance forces in the North-West of Russia.

Dispersal of Silver Gulls, Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, from Breeding Colonies in South Australia

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Ottaway ◽  
R Carrick ◽  
MD Murray
Keyword(s):  
South Australia ◽  
High Status ◽  
Dispersal Patterns ◽  
North West ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rubbish Dumps ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The City

Dispersal of Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, from 10 colonies in South Australia, was studied during 1968-8 1 by means of bands designed for identification of free-living, uncaptured individuals. Dispersal patterns were characteristic of each colony, even for three colonies which were, at most, 10 km apart. Almost all dispersal records came from the area between Adelaide and Melbourne, and within 30 km of the coast. After breeding, the majority of gulls disperse eastwards; however, dispersal from each colony was correlated with a shift of gull population into areas where food was available from human sources such as rubbish dumps. From colonies 80 km south-east of Adelaide, a major human population, the predominant winter dispersal of these gulls was north-west, into the city and suburbs. The maximum direct-line dispersal distances recorded for 95% of the 3133 resighted gulls were <458 km. The greatest direct-line distance recorded was 1430 km. Overall, there was no significant difference in the mean dispersal distances of juveniles and adults, although at distances >480 km significantly more juveniles (<2y) were seen than adults (>2y). This involved only 2.5% of the total number of birds resighted. It is suggested that older, dominant birds maintain high status at preferred feeding places, and juveniles are possibly more erratic in their movements, as they search for food. This would account for the difference in the dispersal ofjuveniles and adults from a particular colony, and also for the significantly higher proportion of juveniles found at extreme distances from their natal colonies.

scholarly journals Isotope analysis combined with DNA barcoding provide new insights into the dietary niche of khulan in the Mongolian Gobi

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248294
Author(s):  
Martina Burnik Šturm ◽  
Steve Smith ◽  
Oyunsaikhan Ganbaatar ◽  
Bayarbaatar Buuveibaatar ◽  
Boglarka Balint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
C4 Grasses ◽  
Diet Change ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
The South ◽  
Winter Diet ◽  
Dietary Niche

With increasing livestock numbers, competition and avoidance are increasingly shaping resource availability for wild ungulates. Shifts in the dietary niche of wild ungulates are likely and can be expected to negatively affect their fitness. The Mongolian Gobi constitutes the largest remaining refuge for several threatened ungulates, but unprecedentedly high livestock numbers are sparking growing concerns over rangeland health and impacts on threatened ungulates like the Asiatic wild ass (khulan). Previous stable isotope analysis of khulan tail hair from the Dzungarian Gobi suggested that they graze in summer but switch to a poorer mixed C3 grass / C4 shrub diet in winter, most likely in reaction to local herders and their livestock. Here we attempt to validate these findings with a different methodology, DNA metabarcoding. Further, we extend the scope of the original study to the South Gobi Region, where we expect higher proportions of low-quality browse in the khulan winter diet due to a higher human and livestock presence. Barcoding confirmed the assumptions behind the seasonal diet change observed in the Dzungarian Gobi isotope data, and new isotope analysis revealed a strong seasonal pattern and higher C4 plant intake in the South Gobi Region, in line with our expectations. However, DNA barcoding revealed C4 domination of winter diet was due to C4 grasses (rather than shrubs) for the South Gobi Region. Slight climatic differences result in regional shifts in the occurrence of C3 and C4 grasses and shrubs, which do not allow for an isotopic separation along the grazer-browser continuum over the entire Gobi. Our findings do not allow us to confirm human impacts upon dietary preferences in khulan as we lack seasonal samples from the South Gobi Region. However, these data provide novel insight into khulan diet, raise new questions about plant availability versus preference, and provide a cautionary tale about indirect analysis methods if used in isolation or extrapolated to the landscape level. Good concordance between relative read abundance of C4 genera from barcoding and proportion of C4 plants from isotope analysis adds to a growing body of evidence that barcoding is a promising quantitative tool to understand resource partitioning in ungulates.

scholarly journals Generasjoner imellom: Holdninger til familiens ansvar øst og vest i Europa

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (0) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Katharina Herlofson ◽  
Svein Olav Daatland ◽  
Marijke Veenstra
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Family Responsibility ◽  
The West ◽  
Older Parents ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Eastern And Western Europe ◽  
East West

The article addresses the strength and character of family responsibility norms in Eastern and Western Europe. The strength is measured by the level of support for filial and parental responsibilities (i.e., adult children’s obligations towards older parents and vice-versa) and the character is indicated by the priority given to the older or the younger generation. For the analyses, we employ data from thirteen Eastern and Western European countries participating in the Generations and Gender Survey. In general, family norms are stronger in the East than in the West, but it is difficult to establish where to draw a dividing line. The contrast between the two extremes, Norway and Sweden in the north-west and Georgia in the south-east, is striking. The remaining countries line up quite close along the geographical diagonal (from Scandinavia to Georgia). The character of the norms is less clearly distributed – whereas almost all countries in Eastern Europe give priority to the older generation, the picture in the West is more mixed. The results partly confirm earlier conclusions about east-west differences in family responsibility norms, but adding more countries to the analyses has revealed a more complex and ambiguous picture than presented in previous studies.

scholarly journals Characterization and management of interaction risks between livestock and wild ungulates on outdoor pig farms in Spain

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz ◽  
Eduardo Laguna ◽  
Joaquín Vicente ◽  
Ignacio García-Bocanegra ◽  
Jordi Martínez-Guijosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Mediterranean Ecosystems ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Pig Farms

Abstract Background To control the transmission of relevant shared diseases, such as animal tuberculosis (TB) and African swine fever (ASF), it is essential to reduce the risk of interaction between livestock and wild ungulates. In Eastern and Central Europe, the current spread of ASF virus affecting wild boar and domestic pigs (especially those raised outdoors and/or in backyards) has devastated the pig sector in affected regions and is seriously threatening other exporting countries. Here, we evaluated the risk of wildlife-livestock interactions on 45 outdoor pig farms in Spain, the second largest pork producer in the EU and then proposed biosecurity-related actions. An integrated, systematic wildlife risk mitigation protocol based on interviews, questionnaires and field audits was developed and applied on each farm. Results Most of the interaction risk points were associated with water sources (84.2%; 701/832), mainly springs and ponds, which accounted for almost all the specific points with high or very high risk scores. The risk of interaction at feeding points (6.9%; 57/832) and those associated with facilities for livestock and/or game management (8.9%; 74/832) were rated as low and very low risk, respectively. Wild boar were present and hunted on 69% of the farms. Supplementary feeding for wild ungulate species (mainly wild boar) was provided on almost half (48.9%; 22/45) the surveyed farms. Risk mitigation actions were categorised to target water access, waterers, food, other livestock species, grazing, wildlife, and offal disposal. Of the total number of actions (n = 2016), 82.7% were identified as priority actions while 17.3% represented alternative options which were identified less cost-effective. On average, 37.1 (median: 32; range 14–113) action proposals per study farm were made and 2.0 (median: 1; range 0–4) per risk point. The mean estimated cost of implementing the proposed priority actions was 14,780 €/farm (25.7 €/hectare and 799.4 €/risk point). Conclusions This study expands the knowledge of interaction risks between domestic pigs and wild ungulates in outdoor pig farming systems and highlights the importance of considering local risks and management practices when designing and prioritising adapted wildlife risk mitigation and biosecurity actions. This practical and feasible protocol developed for Mediterranean ecosystems is easily transferable to professionals and can be adapted to extensive (outdoor) production or epidemiological systems in other European regions.

scholarly journals Total mercury level in tissues of commercial mammalian species (wild boar, moose) of the Russky Sever National Park (North-West of Russia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 05009
Author(s):  
Liubov Eltsova ◽  
Elena Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
National Park ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Mercury Level ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Food Resource ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
North West ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Mercury Bioaccumulation

Bioaccumulation of mercury in the food chain can pose a threat to human health. Therefore, in our article, we obtained data on the concentrations of mercury in the tissues of wild animals, which are a food resource for humans. We determined the mercury concentrations in liver, kidneys, muscles and hair of wild boar and moose, which are consumed by the population of the Russky Sever National Park. The average mercury concentrations in moose tissues ranged from 0.004 mg / kg wet weight in muscles to 0.079 mg / kg wet weight in kidneys. The average concentrations of mercury in boar tissues ranged from 0.136 mg / kg wet weight in wool to 0.711 mg / kg wet weight in kidneys. The main trends of mercury bioaccumulation in the tissues of moose and wild boar were determined.

scholarly journals Effects of Prosopis velutina Invasion on Soil Characteristics along the Riverine System of the Molopo River in North-West Province, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Alvino Abraham Comole ◽  
Pieter Willem Malan ◽  
Makuété André Patrick Tiawoun
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Invasive Plant ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Prosopis Velutina ◽  
North West ◽  
North West Province ◽  
Almost All

Invasive alien plants are one of the major threats to ecosystems. Many invasive plant species, such as Prosopis species, have been introduced around the world and can alter the soil properties of invaded ecosystems. It is one of the most aggressive invasive plant invaders in the North-West Province of South Africa, but little information is available about their influence on soil properties. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Prosopis velutina invasion on selected soil properties at five different sites along the riverine system of the Molopo River in North West Province. At each study site, soil characteristics were measured from soil samples taken under P. velutina canopies, between canopies and in the benchmark stands free of Prosopis species. The effect on selected soil properties of P. velutina invasion varied between the three stands and between sites. In all the sites, almost all soils collected from under the canopies had a significantly higher soil exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, and Na, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (P), Electrical conductivity (EC), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) than the other sample positions, except for the pH which had the high value in intercanopies. Significantly higher ( p < 0.05 ) values of almost all soil properties were found on the densely invaded sites (Tshidilamolomo I and Tshidilamolomo II) compared to lightly invaded sites (Mabule, Black Heat Farm, and Bray). However, it was difficult to generalise as the effects often appear to be site-specific. In addition, the findings also indicated that soils textural classes ranged between sand, silt, and clay in all study sites with a higher proportion of sand in the benchmark than in the soil under the canopies and intercanopies. Soil characteristics differed significantly more between sites than among positions. The site effects observed in this current study provide evidences that this species may occupy a relatively broad soil niche.

The New Buoyage System

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
D. W. Haslam
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
English Channel ◽  
International Shipping ◽  
North West ◽  
Southern North Sea ◽  
System A ◽  
Almost All ◽  
New System ◽  
West European

Between April and about September 1977 almost all the present buoys in the southern North Sea, Dover Strait and eastern part of the English Channel will be changed and a completely new system introduced in an area much used by international shipping of all types. Why has this come about and how can the new system be recognized on charts and in the water? What are the most significant changes and where will the system be applicable? The answers to these questions are given in the Hydrographic Department's new publication NP 735, IALA Maritime Buoyage System A, Edition 1, 1976, which is now available from Admiralty chart agents. It should be studied carefully by all who go to sea or are concerned with marine operations in north-west European waters.

scholarly journals XII. Further particulars of the swedish polar expedition. In a letter addresed to the President, by Prof. A. E. Nordenskiöld. Communicated by the President

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 464-465
Keyword(s):  
Brown Coal ◽  
North West ◽  
Terrestrial Magnetism ◽  
The North ◽  
West Part ◽  
Almost All

Sir,—I had last night the honour of receiving your letter, and hasten to express m y gratitude for the offer of some magnetical instruments. As an able élève of Prof. Edlund, Dr. Lemström, will join the expedition, exclusively for studying the meteorology and terrestrial magnetism of these remote regions, I hope that these instruments will be often and advantageously employed. But the expedition will start from Gottenburg the 1st July, or from Tromso the 9th July . The boxes can be addressed to Count Ehrenward, Gottenburg , or Consul Aagaard, Tromso . Excepting myself and two officers of the Navy (Capt. Baron v. Otter and Lieutenant Palander), the expedition will consist of— Doctor Malmgren, Zoologists. Doctor Smitt, Zoologists. Doctor Nystrom, Zoologists. Mr. Holmgren, Zoologists. Doctor Fries, Botanists. Doctor Bergren, Botanists. Doctor Lemström, “Physiker.” A Geologist, a Conservator, and about 20 Mariners. Almost all the zoologists and botanists will, however, return in September, with a ship hired for the purpose, and the remaining party will try to go further northward, west, or eastward, from the north-west part of Spitzbergen, where the expedition can obtain a sufficient depot of English coal. We will also try to employ the brown coal of King’s Bay; but I fear this supply is not to be relied upon.

scholarly journals Emergence of Atypical Mycoplasma agalactiae Strains Harboring a New Prophage and Associated with an Alpine Wild Ungulate Mortality Episode

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (13) ◽  
pp. 4659-4668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Tardy ◽  
Eric Baranowski ◽  
Laurent-Xavier Nouvel ◽  
Virginie Mick ◽  
Lucía Manso-Silvàn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Wild Ungulate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mycoplasma Agalactiae ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
World Organization ◽  
Genome Analyses

ABSTRACTThe bacteriumMycoplasma agalactiaeis responsible for contagious agalactia (CA) in small domestic ruminants, a syndrome listed by the World Organization for Animal Health and responsible for severe damage to the dairy industry. Recently, we frequently isolated this pathogen from lung lesions of ibexes during a mortality episode in the French Alps. This situation was unusual in terms of host specificity and tissue tropism, raising the question ofM. agalactiaeemergence in wildlife. To address this issue, the ibex isolates were characterized using a combination of approaches that included antigenic profiles, molecular typing, optical mapping, and whole-genome sequencing. Genome analyses showed the presence of a new, large prophage containing 35 coding sequences (CDS) that was detected in most but not all ibex strains and has a homolog inMycoplasma conjunctivae, a species causing keratoconjunctivitis in wild ungulates. This and the presence in all strains of large integrated conjugative elements suggested highly dynamic genomes. Nevertheless,M. agalactiaestrains circulating in the ibex population were shown to be highly related, most likely originating from a single parental clone that has also spread to another wild ungulate species of the same geographical area, the chamois. These strains clearly differ from strains described in Europe so far, including those found nearby, before CA eradication a few years ago. WhileM. agalactiaepathogenicity in ibexes remains unclear, our data showed the emergence of atypical strains in Alpine wild ungulates, raising the question of a role for the wild fauna as a potential reservoir of pathogenic mycoplasmas.

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