Out-of-plane faradaic ion concentration polarization: stable focusing of charged analytes at a three-dimensional porous electrode

10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-zdr7p ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Beatrise Berzina ◽

Sungu Kim ◽

Umesha Peramune ◽

Kumar Saurabh ◽

Baskar Ganapathysubramanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Porous Electrode ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Channel Cross Section ◽

Large Area ◽

Ion Concentration Polarization ◽

3D Electrode

Ion concentration polarization (ICP) accomplishes preconcentration for bioanalysis by localized depletion of electrolyte ions, thereby generating a gradient in electric field strength that facilitates electrokinetic focusing of charged analytes by their electromigration against opposing fluid flow. Such ICP focusing has been shown to accomplish up to a million-fold enrichment of nucleic acids and proteins in single-stage preconcentrators. However, the rate at which the sample volume is swept is limited, requiring several hours to achieve these high enrichment factors. This limitation is caused by two factors. First, an ion depleted zone (IDZ) formed at a planar membrane or electrode may not extend across the full channel cross section, thereby allowing the analyte “leak” past the IDZ. Second, within the IDZ, large fluid vortices lead to mixing, which decreases the efficiency of analyte enrichment and worsens with increased channel dimensions. Here, we address these challenges with faradaic ICP (fICP) at a three-dimensional (3D) electrode comprising metallic microbeads. This 3D-electrode distributes the IDZ, and therefore, the electric field gradient utilized for counter-flow focusing across the full height of the fluidic channel, and its large area, microstructured surface supports smaller vortices. An additional bed of insulating microbeads restricts flow patterns and supplies a large area for surface conduction of ions through the IDZ. Finally, the resistance of this secondary bed enhances focusing by locally strengthening sequestering forces. This easy-to-build platform lays a foundation for the integration of enrichment with user-defined packed bed and electrode materials.

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Out-of-plane faradaic ion concentration polarization: stable focusing of charged analytes at a three-dimensional porous electrode

10.26434/chemrxiv-2021-zdr7p-v2 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Beatrise Berzina ◽

Sungu Kim ◽

Umesha Peramune ◽

Kumar Saurabh ◽

Baskar Ganapathysubramanian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Porous Electrode ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Channel Cross Section ◽

Large Area ◽

Ion Concentration Polarization ◽

3D Electrode

Ion concentration polarization (ICP) accomplishes preconcentration for bioanalysis by localized depletion of electrolyte ions, thereby generating a gradient in electric field strength that facilitates electrokinetic focusing of charged analytes by their electromigration against opposing fluid flow. Such ICP focusing has been shown to accomplish up to a million-fold enrichment of nucleic acids and proteins in single-stage preconcentrators. However, the rate at which the sample volume is swept is limited, requiring several hours to achieve these high enrichment factors. This limitation is caused by two factors. First, an ion depleted zone (IDZ) formed at a planar membrane or electrode may not extend across the full channel cross section under the flow rate employed for focusing, thereby allowing the analyte “leak” past the IDZ. Second, within the IDZ, large fluid vortices lead to mixing, which decreases the efficiency of analyte enrichment and worsens with increased channel dimensions. Here, we address these challenges with faradaic ICP (fICP) at a three-dimensional (3D) electrode comprising metallic microbeads. This 3D-electrode distributes the IDZ, and therefore, the electric field gradient utilized for counter-flow focusing across the full height of the fluidic channel, and its large area, microstructured surface supports smaller vortices. An additional bed of insulating microbeads restricts flow patterns and supplies a large area for surface conduction of ions through the IDZ. Finally, the resistance of this secondary bed enhances focusing by locally strengthening sequestering forces. This easy-to-build platform lays a foundation for the integration of enrichment with user-defined packed bed and electrode materials.

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Out-of-plane ion concentration polarization for scalable water desalination

Lab on a Chip ◽

10.1039/c3lc51255j ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 681-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Brendan D. MacDonald ◽

Max M. Gong ◽

Pei Zhang ◽

David Sinton

Keyword(s):

Concentration Polarization ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Ion Concentration Polarization ◽

Out Of Plane

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Measurement of atmospheric-electric field strength and air-ion concentration at varying distances from the coast with a mobile measuring station

Archives for Meteorology Geophysics and Bioclimatology Series A ◽

10.1007/bf02316320 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 107-109 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. A. Eichmeier ◽

C. Ph. Berckheim

Keyword(s):

Field Strength ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Field Strength ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Atmospheric Electric Field ◽

Measuring Station ◽

Air Ion Concentration

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Формирование трехмерных униполярных импульсов при движении зарядов в вакууме

Журнал технической физики ◽

10.21883/os.2020.01.48843.258-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 128 (1) ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

Н.Н. Розанов

Keyword(s):

Field Strength ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Field Strength ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Polarization Component ◽

Time Integral ◽

Dimensional Distribution

Using the analogy with the electrostatics, in general, the problem of the spatial (three-dimensional) distribution of the electric area of the radiation pulses, which is defined as the time integral of the electric field strength, is resolved in general case when the radiation is generated by the movement of electric charges in a vacuum. The possibility of the formation of unipolar radiation pulses, in which the main polarization component does not change sign during the pulse, is demonstrated.

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Direct Numerical Simulation of Seawater Desalination Based on Ion Concentration Polarization

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi10090562 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 562 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jie Li ◽

Dilin Chen ◽

Jian Ye ◽

Lai Zhang ◽

Teng Zhou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Eddy Currents ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Fluid Motion ◽

Flow Characteristics ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Transmembrane Voltage ◽

Ion Concentration Polarization

The problem of water shortage needs to be solved urgently. The membrane-embedded microchannel structure based on the ion concentration polarization (ICP) desalination effect is a potential portable desalination device with low energy consumption and high efficiency. The electroosmotic flow in the microchannel of the cation exchange membrane and the desalination effect of the system are numerically analyzed. The results show that when the horizontal electric field intensity is 2 kV/m and the transmembrane voltage is 400 mV, the desalting efficiency reaches 97.3%. When the electric field strength increases to 20 kV/m, the desalination efficiency is reduced by 2%. In terms of fluid motion, under the action of the transmembrane voltage, two reverse eddy currents are formed on the surface of the membrane due to the opposite electric field and pressure difference on both sides of the membrane, forming a pumping effect. The electromotive force in the channel exhibits significant pressure-flow characteristics with a slip boundary at a speed approximately six times that of a non-membrane microchannel.

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Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization

Chemical Science ◽

10.1039/d0sc01931c ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (21) ◽

pp. 5547-5558 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Collin D. Davies ◽

Richard M. Crooks

Keyword(s):

Electric Field ◽

Concentration Polarization ◽

Microfluidic Devices ◽

Ion Concentration ◽

Electric Field Gradients ◽

Bipolar Electrodes ◽

Field Gradients ◽

Electrochemical Processes ◽

Ion Concentration Polarization

Electric field gradients formed by electrochemical processes at bipolar electrodes continuously direct the flow of charged objects in microfluidic devices.

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A deeper insight into the influence of the electric field densities in Melt-Electrowriting: Printing in the 4th Dimension

10.31224/osf.io/fh5u9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Michael Monaghan

Keyword(s):

Field Strength ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Field Strength ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ordered Structures ◽

Electrical Field Strength ◽

Anatomical Structures ◽

Collector Plate ◽

Flat Surfaces ◽

Insight Into

Defined ordered structures for biomaterials and tissue engineering applications can be achieved by a variety of techniques, one of which includes the electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-based application of melt electrowriting (MEW), the extrusion of a molten polymer filament under pressure across a defined electric field. In this study, we investigate how to translate small fibremeshes which are usually formed on flat surfaces, to curved contours that would have more applicability to human anatomical structures. By modelling the electric field strength associated with the MEW process, we found that incorporation of a non conductive three-dimensional (3D) custom printed mould on the conductive collector plate offers the ability to accurately print patterns on non-flat surfaces successfully. Importantly, while the electric field strength is a constant in the MEW process; the electrostatic behaviour of the deposited polymer has the greatest impact on the accuracy of fibre patterning and stacking. Consequently, controlled fibre deposition was exhibited, provided that a constant electrical field strength and a continuous vertical distance between the nozzle and the mould is maintained.Overall, this study establishes the groundwork to support further developments in MEW technologies, from flat to anatomically relevant 3D structures in the fields of regenerative medicine and biofabrication.

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Both Symmetric and Asymmetric Electro-Optic Dynamic Behavior with SSD (Smectic Single Domain) Liquid Crystals

Crystals ◽

10.3390/cryst11040337 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 337

Author(s):

Akihiro Mochizuki

Keyword(s):

Liquid Crystal ◽

Field Strength ◽

Electric Field ◽

Electric Field Strength ◽

Applied Electric Field ◽

Switching Behavior ◽

Applied Electric Field Strength ◽

Smectic Liquid Crystal ◽

Out Of Plane ◽

Molecular Stacking

SSD-liquid crystal panels’ retardation switching dynamic behaviors have been investigated from their in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors. In-plane-only and a mixture between in-plane and out-of-plane retardation switching behaviors are highly related to the initial smectic liquid crystal molecular stacking configurations. With uniformly stacked configuration, a completely symmetric retardation switching, as well as light throughput behavior, was obtained. With a slight twisted stacking configuration, the retardation switching behavior is dependent on the applied electric field strength, which may change the initial molecular stacking configuration, resulting in either symmetric or asymmetric retardation switching. When the molecular stacking has twisted heavily, the obtained retardation switching showed asymmetric behavior regardless of the applied electric field strength.

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