scholarly journals Effect of Temperature on the Hydrotreatment of Sewage Sludge-Derived Pyrolysis Oil and Behavior of Ni-Based Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Maria V. Alekseeva (Bykova) ◽  
Olga A. Bulavchenko ◽  
Andrey A. Saraev ◽  
Anna M. Kremneva ◽  
Mikhail V. Shashkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Oil Refineries

The high-energy potential of wastewater sewage sludge (SS) produced in large amounts around the world makes it an attractive feedstock for fuels and energy sectors. Thermochemical valorization relying on pyrolysis of SS followed by hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oil (Py-SS) might even allow the integration of SS into existing oil refineries. In the present study, catalytic hydrotreatment of Py-SS was performed over a NiCuMo-P-SiO2 catalyst in a batch reactor at temperatures in the range of 200–390 °C. Due to sulfur presence in the feed, the increasing reaction temperature induced in situ transformation of metallic Ni into Ni3S2 in the catalyst. In contrast, the Ni3P active phase possessed remarkable stability even at the harshest reaction conditions. The oxygen content in the reaction products was decreased by 59%, while up to 52% of N and 89% of S were removed at 390 °C. The content of free fatty acids was greatly reduced by their conversion to n-alkanes, while the larger amount of volatile aromatics was generated from high molecular mass compounds. The quality of oil-derived products greatly changed at elevated temperatures, providing strong evidence of effective upgrading via decarboxy(ny)lation, hydrogenation, and hydrocracking transformations.

scholarly journals The Enhancement of Energy Efficiency in a Wastewater Treatment Plant through Sustainable Biogas Use: Case Study from Poland

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Masłoń ◽  
Joanna Czarnota ◽  
Aleksandra Szaja ◽  
Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak ◽  
Grzegorz Łagód
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Process Implementation

The improvement of energy efficiency ensuring high nutrients removal is a great concern for many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The energy balance of a WWTP can be improved through the application of highly efficient digestion or its intensification, e.g., through the introduction of the co-substrates with relatively high energy potential to the sewage sludge (SS). In the present study, the overview of the energetic aspect of the Polish WWTPs was presented. The evaluation of energy consumption at individual stages of wastewater treatment along with the possibilities of its increasing was performed. Additionally, the influence of co-digestion process implementation on the energy efficiency of a selected WWTP in Poland was investigated. The evaluation was carried out for a WWTP located in Iława. Both energetic and treatment efficiency were analyzed. The energy balance evaluation of this WWTP was also performed. The obtained results indicated that the WWTP in Iława produced on average 2.54 GWh per year (7.63 GWh of electricity in total) as a result of the co-digestion of sewage sludge with poultry processing waste. A single cubic meter of co-substrates fed to the digesters yielded an average of 25.6 ± 4.3 Nm3 of biogas (between 18.3 and 32.2 Nm3/m3). This enabled covering the energy demand of the plant to a very high degree, ranging from 93.0% to 99.8% (98.2% on average). Importantly, in the presence of the co-substrate, the removal efficiency of organic compounds was enhanced from 64% (mono-digestion) to 69–70%.

scholarly journals The Efficiency of the Centrifuge is Force Action on the Propagation Mechanism of SHS-Wave

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
G.I. Ksandopulo
Keyword(s):  
Rotation Speed ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Combustible Mixture ◽  
Ultrahigh Pressure ◽  
Propagation Mechanism ◽  
Oxide Material ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Aluminum Oxides

Adiabatic wave (AW) is generated by the effect of two forces, namely centrifugal and Coriolis forces, caused on the reaction of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS). The synthesis occurs in the aluminothermic oxide system placed inside the heat insulated cylindrical reactor rotating around a vertical<br />axis. Actually there take place two processes during the SH synthesis: 1. separation of the reaction products, in particular aluminum (corundum) oxide concentrated on a quartz wall of the reactor and forming a tube; 2. formation of a coherent flow of liquid metal particles accelerating in the reactor axis direction according to its rotation speed and co-ordinates of Rх particle in the reactor. The size of the cluster representing particles practically does not change from the very moment of their generation as a result of the reaction due to their motion coherency. Considering the motion speed particles get inside a fresh combustible mixture deeper and deeper and, thus, initiate ignition of the accumulating reaction mixture. This provides growth of the heat release rate and transition of the process to the adiabatic mode. Metal clusters bearing kinetic energy and heat energy of the reaction (T = 2.8-3.5 thousand K) actually have a high energy potential that can increase according to growth of the rotation speed and longitudinal size of the reactor. So, if any highly endothermic reaction mixture takes place within a reactor co-ordinate with exponential growth of the moving clusters energy this reaction can be initiated and consequently will give start to numerous research capabilities. A real possibility of such rare and new materials synthesis technology is illustrated using as an example a reaction of the boron and aluminum oxides attacked by 92 m/s speed moving tungsten clusters with formation of a product from the intermediate boron and aluminum oxides and also tungsten and aluminum borides. The results of the synthesized oxide material study using a radio spectrometer has been presented and presence of free valency in it has been identified. Production of free valency materials is of interest in terms of their mixture with nanomaterilas and their compaction at ultrahigh pressure with the purpose to receive new materials with original mechanical, electric, photo-electric, and other properties. The references given below contain data on this technology studied previously.

Electron and ion irradiation-induced dissolution of mechanical twins in the intermetalic U3Si: An in situ HVEM study

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
Charles W. Allen ◽  
Robert C. Birtcher
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Argonne National Laboratory ◽  
Heavy Ion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Mechanical Twinning ◽  
In Situ Experiments

The uranium silicides, including U3Si, are under study as candidate low enrichment nuclear fuels. Ion beam simulations of the in-reactor behavior of such materials are performed because a similar damage structure can be produced in hours by energetic heavy ions which requires years in actual reactor tests. This contribution treats one aspect of the microstructural behavior of U3Si under high energy electron irradiation and low dose energetic heavy ion irradiation and is based on in situ experiments, performed at the HVEM-Tandem User Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. This Facility interfaces a 2 MV Tandem ion accelerator and a 0.6 MV ion implanter to a 1.2 MeV AEI high voltage electron microscope, which allows a wide variety of in situ ion beam experiments to be performed with simultaneous irradiation and electron microscopy or diffraction.At elevated temperatures, U3Si exhibits the ordered AuCu3 structure. On cooling below 1058 K, the intermetallic transforms, evidently martensitically, to a body-centered tetragonal structure (alternatively, the structure may be described as face-centered tetragonal, which would be fcc except for a 1 pet tetragonal distortion). Mechanical twinning accompanies the transformation; however, diferences between electron diffraction patterns from twinned and non-twinned martensite plates could not be distinguished.

Effect of Temperature, Velocity Gradient and I.V. Heparin on in Vitro Blood Coagulation and Platelet Aggregation

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 112-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Dintenfass ◽  
M. C Rozenberg
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Velocity Gradient ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Progressive Change ◽  
Aggregation Of Platelets ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

SummaryA study of blood coagulation was carried out by observing changes in the blood viscosity of blood coagulating in the cone-in-cone viscometer. The clots were investigated by microscopic techniques.Immediately after blood is obtained by venepuncture, viscosity of blood remains constant for a certain “latent” period. The duration of this period depends not only on the intrinsic properties of the blood sample, but also on temperature and rate of shear used during blood storage. An increase of temperature decreases the clotting time ; also, an increase in the rate of shear decreases the clotting time.It is confirmed that morphological changes take place in blood coagula as a function of the velocity gradient at which such coagulation takes place. There is a progressive change from the red clot to white thrombus as the rates of shear increase. Aggregation of platelets increases as the rate of shear increases.This pattern is maintained with changes of temperature, although aggregation of platelets appears to be increased at elevated temperatures.Intravenously added heparin affects the clotting time and the aggregation of platelets in in vitro coagulation.

Rapid Crystallization and Kinetic Freezing of Site-Disorder in the Lithium Superionic Argyrodite Li6PS5Br

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Gautam ◽  
Marcel Sadowski ◽  
Nils Prinz ◽  
Henrik Eickhoff ◽  
Nicolo Minafra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Ionic Conductivities ◽  
Ionic Transport ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superionic Conductors ◽  
Rapid Crystallization ◽  
Site Disorder ◽  
Fast Cooling

<p>Lithium argyrodite superionic conductors are currently being investigated as solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries. Recently, in the lithium argyrodite Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>X (X = Cl, Br, I), a site-disorder between the anionsS<sup>2–</sup>and X<sup>–</sup>has been observed, which strongly affects the ionic transport and appears to be a function of the halide present. In this work, we show how such disorder in Li<sub>6</sub>PS<sub>5</sub>Br can be engineered <i>via</i>the synthesis method. By comparing fast cooling (<i>i.e. </i>quenching) to more slowly cooled samples, we find that anion site-disorder is higher at elevated temperatures, and that fast cooling can be used to kinetically trap the desired disorder, leading to higher ionic conductivities as shown by impedance spectroscopy in combination with <i>ab-initio</i>molecular dynamics. Furthermore, we observe that after milling, a crystalline lithium argyrodite can be obtained within one minute of heat treatment. This rapid crystallization highlights the reactive nature of mechanical milling and shows that long reaction times with high energy consumption are not needed in this class of materials. The fact that site-disorder induced <i>via</i>quenching is beneficial for ionic transport provides an additional approach for the optimization and design of lithium superionic conductors.</p>

EVALUATION OF BIOMETHANE YIELDS FROM HIGH-ENERGY ORGANIC WASTE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE: A PILOT STUDY FOR A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2023-2034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka A. Pilarska ◽  
Krzysztof Pilarski ◽  
Boguslawa Waliszewska ◽  
Magdalena Zborowska ◽  
Kamil Witaszek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
High Energy

Biolixiviation des métaux lourds et stabilisation des boues d'épuration : essai en bioréacteur opéré en mode cuvée

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Tyagi ◽  
J. F. Blais ◽  
N. Meunier ◽  
D. Kluepfel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Sludge Stabilization ◽  
Sludge Digestion ◽  
Batch Time ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

A biological process of heavy metals solubilization and sewage sludge stabilization was studied in a batch reactor of 30-L capacity. The acclimatized leaching microflora was composed of two major groups of thiobacilli: less acidophilic and acidophilic. A batch time of 10 days allows a substantial metal solubilization: cadmium (100%), copper (80%), manganese (80%), nickel (46%), and zinc (100%). The bioleaching process also causes a significative decrease in sludge total suspended solids (25%) and volatile suspended solids (32%), and a considerable reduction (under the detection limit of 10 cfu∙mL−1) of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci). After filtration or centrifugation of the leached sludge, the solubilized metals were precipitated by lime neutralization. The phosphorus and potassium sludge contents were not affected by bioleaching process. These results indicate that the process of sludge digestion and metal leaching can be conducted in parallel in the same reactor. Key words: sewage sludge, heavy metals, bioleaching, stabilization, thiobacilli, elemental sulfur.

scholarly journals An SEM Investigation of the Pozzolanic Activity of a Waste Catalyst from Oil Refinery

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (S5) ◽  
pp. 75-76
Author(s):  
C. Costa ◽  
P. Marques ◽  
P. A. Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Zeolite Y ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Pozzolanic Reaction ◽  
High Reactivity ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Fcc Catalyst ◽  
Cement Based Materials

The most active phase of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, used in oil refinery, is zeolite-Y which is an aluminosilicate with a high internal and external surface area responsible for its high reactivity. Waste FCC catalyst is potentially able to be reused in cement-based materials - as an additive - undergoing a pozzolanic reaction with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) formed during cement hydration. This reaction produces additional strength-providing reaction products i.e., calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and hydrous calcium aluminates (C-A-H) which exact chemical formula and structure are still unknown. Partial replacement of cement by waste FCC catalyst has two key advantages: (1) lowering of cement production with the associated pollution reduction as this industry represents one of the largest sources of man-made CO2 emissions, and (2) improving the mechanical properties and durability of cement-based materials. Despite these advantages, there is a lack of fundamental knowledge on pozzolanic reaction mechanisms as well as spatial distribution of porosity and solid phases interactions at the microstructural level and consequently their relationship with macroscopical engineering properties of catalyst/cement blends.

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