scholarly journals Lab-on-Paper Devices for Diagnosis of Human Diseases Using Urine Samples—A Review

Biosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Wei-Chun Tai ◽  
Yu-Chi Chang ◽  
Dean Chou ◽  
Lung-Ming Fu
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Paper Diagnostics ◽  
Paper Fabrication ◽  
Medical Infrastructure

In recent years, microfluidic lab-on-paper devices have emerged as a rapid and low-cost alternative to traditional laboratory tests. Additionally, they were widely considered as a promising solution for point-of-care testing (POCT) at home or regions that lack medical infrastructure and resources. This review describes important advances in microfluidic lab-on-paper diagnostics for human health monitoring and disease diagnosis over the past five years. The review commenced by explaining the choice of paper, fabrication methods, and detection techniques to realize microfluidic lab-on-paper devices. Then, the sample pretreatment procedure used to improve the detection performance of lab-on-paper devices was introduced. Furthermore, an in-depth review of lab-on-paper devices for disease measurement based on an analysis of urine samples was presented. The review concludes with the potential challenges that the future development of commercial microfluidic lab-on-paper platforms for human disease detection would face.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors as Potential Diagnostic Devices for Autoimmune Diseases

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anca Florea ◽  
Gheorghe Melinte ◽  
Ioan Simon ◽  
Cecilia Cristea
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Therapy Monitoring ◽  
Specific Interaction ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors

An important class of biosensors is immunosensors, affinity biosensors that are based on the specific interaction between antibodies and antigens. They are classified in four classes based on the type of employed transducer: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric, and thermometric and depending on the type of recognition elements, antibodies, aptamers, microRNAs and recently peptides are integrating parts. Those analytical devices are able to detect peptides, antibodies and proteins in various sample matrices, without many steps of sample pretreatment. Their high sensitivity, low cost and the easy integration in point of care devices assuring portability are attracting features that justify the increasing interest in their development. The use of nanomaterials, simultaneous multianalyte detection and integration on platforms to form point-of-care devices are promising tools that can be used in clinical analysis for early diagnosis and therapy monitoring in several pathologies. Taking into account the growing incidence of autoimmune disease and the importance of early diagnosis, electrochemical biosensors could represent a viable alternative to currently used diagnosis methods. Some relevant examples of electrochemical assays for autoimmune disease diagnosis developed in the last several years based on antigens, antibodies and peptides as receptors were gathered and will be discussed further.

Liquid Metal Ink Enabled Rapid Prototyping of Electrochemical Sensor for Wireless Glucose Detection on the Platform of Mobile Phone

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Yi ◽  
Jingjing Li ◽  
Cangran Guo ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Jing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Smart Phone ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Glucose Detection ◽  
Sensor Material ◽  
Liquid Metal Ink

Pervasive detection of blood glucose is rather critical for the real-time disease diagnosis which would provide valuable guidance for treatment planning. Here, we established a health care platform for this purpose through incorporating the glucose detection with liquid metal printed sensor and the smart phone monitoring system together. The liquid metal ink composed of bismuth indium stannic (BIS) alloy was identified as an appropriate sensor material to be quickly written or printed on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate at around 59 °C to form desired electrodes. It thus eliminated the complicated procedures as usually required in conventional sensor fabrication strategies. The alloy electrodes were characterized via cyclic voltammetry to demonstrate their practical functionality. Further, unlike using the commonly adopted glucometer, a smart phone was developed as the data acquisition and display center to help improve the portability and ubiquitous virtue of the detection system. Glucose solution in different concentrations was assayed via this platform. It was shown that there is a good linear relationship between the concentration and the integral value of the curve recorded by the mobile phone, which confirms the feasibility of the present method. This quantitative point-of-care system has pervasive feature and is expected to be very useful for future low-cost electrochemical detection.

scholarly journals Recent Developments of Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors for Antibody Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Daniel Wang ◽  
Derek Li ◽  
Chung Chiun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Resonance Energy Transfer ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Point Of Care Systems ◽  
Detection Of Biomarkers

Detection of biomarkers has raised much interest recently due to the need for disease diagnosis and personalized medicine in future point-of-care systems. Among various biomarkers, antibodies are an important type of detection target due to their potential for indicating disease progression stage and the efficiency of therapeutic antibody drug treatment. In this review, electrochemical and optical detection of antibodies are discussed. Specifically, creating a non-label and reagent-free sensing platform and construction of an anti-fouling electrochemical surface for electrochemical detection are suggested. For optical transduction, a rapid and programmable platform for antibody detection using a DNA-based beacon is suggested as well as the use of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) switch for low cost antibody detection. These sensing strategies have demonstrated their potential for resolving current challenges in antibody detection such as high selectivity, low operation cost, simple detection procedures, rapid detection, and low-fouling detection. This review provides a general update for recent developments in antibody detection strategies and potential solutions for future clinical point-of-care systems.

scholarly journals Applications of CMOS Devices for the Diagnosis and Control of Infectious Diseases

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Saghi Forouhi ◽  
Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
Symptom Screening

Emerging infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, influenza A, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in recent years have threatened the health and security of the global community as one of the greatest factors of mortality in the world. Accurate and immediate diagnosis of infectious agents and symptoms is a key to control the outbreak of these diseases. Rapid advances in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology offers great advantages like high accuracy, high throughput and rapid measurements in biomedical research and disease diagnosis. These features as well as low cost, low power and scalability of CMOS technology can pave the way for the development of powerful devices such as point-of-care (PoC) systems, lab-on-chip (LoC) platforms and symptom screening devices for accurate and timely diagnosis of infectious diseases. This paper is an overview of different CMOS-based devices such as optical, electrochemical, magnetic and mechanical sensors developed by researchers to mitigate the problems associated with these diseases.

scholarly journals A robust, hand-powered, instrument-free sample preparation system for point-of-care pathogen detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Eun Yeong Lee ◽  
Geun Su Noh ◽  
Jaehyup Shin ◽  
Huifang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Nucleic Acid Isolation ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics ◽  
Reaction Matrix

Abstract Here, we describe a simple, universal protocol for use in nucleic acid testing-based pathogen diagnostics, which requires only hand-powered sample preparation, including the processes of pathogen enrichment and nucleic acid isolation. The protocol uses low-cost amine-functionalized diatomaceous earth with a 1-μm Teflon filter as a reaction matrix in both stages of the process, using homobifunctional imidoesters. Using a simple syringe as a pump, the capture efficiency for a large sample volume (<50 mL) was enhanced by up to 98.3%, and the detection limit was 1 CFU/mL, 100-fold better than that of common commercial nucleic acid isolation kit. This protocol can also be combined with commercialized 96-well filter plates for robust sample preparation. Our proposed system is robust, simple, low-cost, universal, and rapid (taking <20 min), and it works regardless of the ambient environment and sample pretreatment, requiring no electricity or instruments. Its benefits include the simplicity of producing its components and its ease of operation, and it can be readily integrated with other assays for point-of-care diagnostics.

3D Printing of Microfluidics for Point of Care Diagnosis

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Sibbitt ◽  
Mei He
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
3D Design ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Production Techniques

Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (MLOC) technology is a promising approach for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis; low reagent consumption, high sensitivity and quick analysis time are the most prominent benefits. However, microfabrication of MLOCs utilizes specialized techniques and infrastructure, making conventional fabrication time consuming and difficult. While relatively inexpensive production techniques exist for POC diagnoses, such as replication of polymer-based (e.g., PDMS) microfluidic POC devices on lithographic molds, this approach has limitations including: further hydrophilic surface modifications of PDMS, inability to change lithographic mold Z dimensions, and slow prototyping. In contrast, stereo-lithographical (SLA) printing can integrate all of the necessary fabrication resources in one instrument, allowing highly versatile microfluidic devices to be made at low cost. In this paper, we report two microfabrication approaches of microfluidics utilizing (SLA) 3D printing technology: I) Direct SLA printing of channels and structures of a monolithic microfluidic POC device; II) Indirect fabrication, utilizing SLA 3D printed molds for PDMS based microfluidic device replication. Additionally, we discuss previous work providing a proof of concept of applications in POC diagnosis, using direct 3D printing fabrication (approach I). The robustness and simplicity of these protocols allow integrating 3D design and microfabrication with smartphone-based disease diagnosis as a stand-alone system, offering strong adaptability for establishing diagnostic capacity in resource-limited areas and low-income countries.

scholarly journals Immobilization of Proteinase K for urine pretreatment to improve diagnostic accuracy of active tuberculosis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257615
Author(s):  
Yosita Panraksa ◽  
Anita G. Amin ◽  
Barbara Graham ◽  
Charles S. Henry ◽  
Delphi Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Capture Elisa ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) calls for the development of a rapid, biomarker-based, non-sputum test capable of detecting all forms of tuberculosis (TB) at the point-of-care to enable immediate treatment initiation. Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is the only WHO-endorsed TB biomarker that can be detected in urine, an easily collected sample matrix. For obtaining optimal sensitivity, we and others have shown that some form of sample pretreatment is necessary to remove background from patient urine samples. A number of systems are paper-based often destined for resource limited settings. Our current work presents incorporation of one such sample pretreatment, proteinase K (ProK) immobilized on paper (IPK) and test its performance in comparison to standard proteinase K (SPK) treatment that involves addition and deactivation at high temperature prior to performing a capture ELISA. Herein, a simple and economical method was developed for using ProK immobilized strips to pretreat urine samples. Simplification and cost reduction of the proposed pretreatment strip were achieved by using Whatman no.1 paper and by minimizing the concentration of ProK (an expensive but necessary reagent) used to pretreat the clinical samples prior to ELISA. To test the applicability of IPK, capture ELISA was carried out on either LAM-spiked urine or the clinical samples after pretreatment with ProK at 400 μg/mL for 30 minutes at room temperature. The optimal conditions and stability of the IPK were tested and validation was performed on a set of 25 previously analyzed archived clinical urine samples with known TB and HIV status. The results of IPK and SPK treated samples were in agreement showing that the urine LAM test currently under development has the potential to reach adult and pediatric patients regardless of HIV status or site of infection, and to facilitate global TB control to improve assay performance and ultimately treatment outcomes.

scholarly journals Biophotonic sensors with integrated Si3N4-organic hybrid (SiNOH) lasers for point-of-care diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Kohler ◽  
Gregor Schindler ◽  
Lothar Hahn ◽  
Johannes Milvich ◽  
Andreas Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Optical Biosensors ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Organic Hybrid ◽  
Point Of Care Diagnostics

AbstractEarly and efficient disease diagnosis with low-cost point-of-care devices is gaining importance for personalized medicine and public health protection. Within this context, waveguide-(WG)-based optical biosensors on the silicon-nitride (Si3N4) platform represent a particularly promising option, offering highly sensitive detection of indicative biomarkers in multiplexed sensor arrays operated by light in the visible-wavelength range. However, while passive Si3N4-based photonic circuits lend themselves to highly scalable mass production, the integration of low-cost light sources remains a challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate optical biosensors that combine Si3N4 sensor circuits with hybrid on-chip organic lasers. These Si3N4-organic hybrid (SiNOH) lasers rely on a dye-doped cladding material that are deposited on top of a passive WG and that are optically pumped by an external light source. Fabrication of the devices is simple: The underlying Si3N4 WGs are structured in a single lithography step, and the organic gain medium is subsequently applied by dispensing, spin-coating, or ink-jet printing processes. A highly parallel read-out of the optical sensor signals is accomplished with a simple camera. In our proof-of-concept experiment, we demonstrate the viability of the approach by detecting different concentrations of fibrinogen in phosphate-buffered saline solutions with a sensor-length (L-)-related sensitivity of S/L = 0.16 rad nM−1 mm−1. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an integrated optical circuit driven by a co-integrated low-cost organic light source. We expect that the versatility of the device concept, the simple operation principle, and the compatibility with cost-efficient mass production will make the concept a highly attractive option for applications in biophotonics and point-of-care diagnostics.

Chemically Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Label for Immunoassay

2011 ◽  
Vol 1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeyabeba Abera ◽  
Jin-Woo Choi
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Functionalized Carbon Nanotube

ABSTRACTA recent approach in disease diagnosis and viral epidemics is aimed at point-of-care tests that could be administered near the patient rather than time-consuming processes involving centralized laboratories. Point-of-care devices provide rapid results in simple and low-cost manner requiring only small sample volumes. These devices will strongly benefit from advanced materials and fabrication methods to improve their efficiency and sensitivity. We report a functionalized carbon nanotube label for an immunosensor application. Carbon nanotube label was prepared by modifying the carbon nanotube surface to anchor biomolecules. First, the carboxylic acid treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were uniformly dispersed with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) by sonication in aqueous solution. PVP partially wraps around the carbon nanotubes and exposes the surface of the nanotubes for further functionalization. The MWCNTs were then conjugated with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) using EDC/Sulfo-NHS coupling chemistry, where the antibodies occupied sites not covered by PVP. The dispersion, surfactant modification, and antibody conjugation of the MWCNTs were also confirmed using SEM and TEM images. The successful functionalization of the MWCNTs and reactivity of the covalent attached antibodies were demonstrated for specific antigen binding on the microelectrode device. The carbon nanotube-based detection mechanism could be tailored for screening various analyte specific molecules. Furthermore, the reported technique could easily be integrated in various microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip devices for the development of functional electronic sensors providing quantitative, sensitive, and low-cost detection in pointof- care setup.

scholarly journals Towards AI-Enabled Multimodal Diagnostics and Management of COVID-19 and Comorbidities in Resource-Limited Settings

Informatics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Olawande Daramola ◽  
Peter Nyasulu ◽  
Tivani Mashamba-Thompson ◽  
Thomas Moser ◽  
Sean Broomhead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Resource Limited Settings ◽  
Resource Limited

A conceptual artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled framework is presented in this study involving triangulation of various diagnostic methods for management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its associated comorbidities in resource-limited settings (RLS). The proposed AI-enabled framework will afford capabilities to harness low-cost polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostics, radiological image-based assessments, and end-user provided information for the detection of COVID-19 cases and management of symptomatic patients. It will support self-data capture, clinical risk stratification, explanation-based intelligent recommendations for patient triage, disease diagnosis, patient treatment, contact tracing, and case management. This will enable communication with end-users in local languages through cheap and accessible means, such as WhatsApp/Telegram, social media, and SMS, with careful consideration of the need for personal data protection. The objective of the AI-enabled framework is to leverage multimodal diagnostics of COVID-19 and associated comorbidities in RLS for the diagnosis and management of COVID-19 cases and general support for pandemic recovery. We intend to test the feasibility of implementing the proposed framework through community engagement in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries where many people are living with pre-existing comorbidities. A multimodal approach to disease diagnostics enabling access to point-of-care testing is required to reduce fragmentation of essential services across the continuum of COVID-19 care.

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