scholarly journals Green and Cost-Effective Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles by Algae: Safe Methods for Translational Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 129
Author(s):  
Bushra Uzair ◽  
Ayesha Liaqat ◽  
Haroon Iqbal ◽  
Bouzid Menaa ◽  
Anam Razzaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Trisodium Citrate ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Spr Effect ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention for potential applications in medicine (mainly in oncology, radiology and infectiology), due to their intriguing chemical, electronical, catalytical, and optical properties such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect. They also offer ease in controlled synthesis and surface modification (e.g., tailored properties conferred by capping/protecting agents including N-, P-, COOH-, SH-containing molecules and polymers such as thiol, disulfide, ammonium, amine, and multidentate carboxylate), which allows (i) tuning their size and shape (e.g., star-shaped and/or branched) (ii) improving their stability, monodispersity, chemical miscibility, and activity, (iii) avoiding their aggregation and oxidation over time, (iv) increasing their yield and purity. The bottom-up approach, where the metal ions are reduced in the NPs grown in the presence of capping ligands, has been widely used compared to the top-down approach. Besides the physical and chemical synthesis methods, the biological method is gaining much consideration. Indeed, several drawbacks have been reported for the synthesis of NPs via physical (e.g., irradiation, ultrasonication) and chemical (e.g., electrochemisty, reduction by chemicals such as trisodium citrate or ascorbic acid) methods (e.g., cost, and/ortoxicity due to use of hazardous solvents, low production rate, use of huge amount of energy). However, (organic or inorganic) eco-friendly NPs synthesis exhibits a sustainable, safe, and economical solution. Thereby, a relatively new trend for fast and valuable NPs synthesis from (live or dead) algae (i.e., microalgae, macroalgae and cyanobacteria) has been observed, especially because of its massive presence on the Earth’s crust and their unique properties (e.g., capacity to accumulate and reduce metallic ions, fast propagation). This article discusses the algal-mediated synthesis methods (either intracellularly or extracellularly) of inorganic NPs with special emphasis on the noblest metals, i.e., silver (Ag)- and gold (Au)-derived NPs. The key factors (e.g., pH, temperature, reaction time) that affect their biosynthesis process, stability, size, and shape are highlighted. Eventually, underlying molecular mechanisms, nanotoxicity and examples of major biomedical applications of these algal-derived NPs are presented.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Conductivity Studies of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) by Co-Polymerization and Blending with Polyaniline (PANi)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1939
Author(s):  
Helyati Abu Hassan Shaari ◽  
Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli ◽  
Mohd Nazim Mohtar ◽  
Norizah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Azizan Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽  
Conducting Materials ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Polymerization Condition ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a lightweight insulating polymer that possesses good mechanical stability. On the other hand, polyaniline (PANi) is one of the most favorable conducting materials to be used, as it is easily synthesized, cost-effective, and has good conductivity. However, most organic solvents have restricted potential applications due to poor mechanical properties and dispersibility. Compared to PANi, PMMA has more outstanding physical and chemical properties, such as good dimensional stability and better molecular interactions between the monomers. To date, many research studies have focused on incorporating PANi into PMMA. In this review, the properties and suitability of PANi as a conducting material are briefly reviewed. The major parts of this paper reviewed different approaches to incorporating PANi into PMMA, as well as evaluating the modifications to improve its conductivity. Finally, the polymerization condition to prepare PMMA/PANi copolymer to improve its conductivity is also discussed.

scholarly journals Biosynthesis and Potential Applications of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Their Chitosan-Based Nanocomposites in Nanomedicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haliza Katas ◽  
Noor Zianah Moden ◽  
Chei Sin Lim ◽  
Terence Celesistinus ◽  
Jie Yee Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Silver And Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Stabilizing Agents ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Multistep Process ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Biological Sources

Biosynthesized or biogenic metallic nanoparticles, particularly silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively), have been increasingly used because of their advantages, including high stability and loading capacity; moreover, these nanoparticles are synthesized using a green and cost-effective method. Previous studies have investigated reducing and/or stabilizing agents from various biological sources, including plants, microorganisms, and marine-derived products, using either a one-pot or a multistep process at different conditions. In addition, extensive studies have been performed to determine the biological or pharmacological effects of these nanoparticles, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. In the recent years, chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, has been increasingly investigated as a reducing and/or stabilizing agent in the synthesis of biogenic metallic nanoparticles with potential applications in nanomedicine. Here, we have reviewed the mechanism of biosynthesis and potential applications of AgNPs and AuNPs and their chitosan-mediated nanocomposites in nanomedicine.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications - A Comprehensive Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 2650-2660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajasree Shanmuganathan ◽  
Indira Karuppusamy ◽  
Muthupandian Saravanan ◽  
Harshiny Muthukumar ◽  
Kumar Ponnuchamy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Burn Wound ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Generally, silver is considered as a noble metal used for treating burn wound infections, open wounds and cuts. However, the emerging nanotechnology has made a remarkable impact by converting metallic silver into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for better applications. The advancement in technology has improved the synthesis of NPs using biological method instead of physical and chemical methods. Nonetheless, synthesizing AgNPs using biological sources is ecofriendly and cost effective. Till date, AgNPs are widely used as antibacterial agents; therefore, a novel idea is needed for the successful use of AgNPs as therapeutic agents to uncertain diseases and infections. In biomedicine, AgNPs possess significant advantages due to their physical and chemical versatility. Indeed, the toxicity concerns regarding AgNPs have created the need for non-toxic and ecofriendly approaches to produce AgNPs. The applications of AgNPs in nanogels, nanosolutions, silver based dressings and coating over medical devices are under progress. Still, an improvised version of AgNPs for extended applications in an ecofriendly manner is the need of the hour. Therefore, the present review emphasizes the synthesis methods, modes of action under dissipative conditions and the various biomedical applications of AgNPs in detail.

scholarly journals Cost Effective Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose: A Comprehensive Review

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Georgia Balkourani ◽  
Theodoros Damartzis ◽  
Angeliki Brouzgou ◽  
Panagiotis Tsiakaras
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Synthesis Methods

The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. In the current review paper we classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts’ synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets. Analyzing glucose electrooxidation mechanism over Cu- Co- and Ni-(oxide)/graphene (or derivative) electrocatalysts, we deduced that glucose electrochemical sensing properties, such as sensitivity, detection limit and linear detection limit, totally depend on the route of the mass and charge transport between metal(II)/metal(III); and so both (specific area and internal resistance) should have the optimum values.

scholarly journals Synthesis, characterization and applications of chitosan based metallic nanoparticles: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 544-551
Author(s):  
Devendra Kumar Verma ◽  
Rajdeep Malik ◽  
Jagram Meena ◽  
Rashmi Rameshwari
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Controlled Synthesis ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticle ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Degree Of Acetylation ◽  
Important Host ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Medium Method ◽  
Reaction Degree

Chitosan as a natural biopolymer has been produced to be the important host for the preparation of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) because of its excellent characteristics like:- good stabilizing and capping ability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, eco-friendly and non-toxicity properties. Chitosan can play a very important role for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles, as chitosan is a cationic polymer. It attracts metal ions and reduces them and also Capps and stabilizes. So basically chitosan can be responsible for the controlled synthesis of metallic nanoparticle. Chitosan has a very good chelating property. This property is due to its –NH2 and –OH functional groups. Size and shape of metallic nanoparticles are much affected by chitosan concentration, molecular weight, time of reaction, degree of acetylation of chitosan, pH of the medium, method of synthesis and type of derivative of chitosan etc. Metallic nanoparticles`s properties and applications are much associated with their size and shape. Optimization of the metallic nanoparticle size and shape has been the subject of curiosity for nanotechnology scientist. Chitosan can solve this problem by applying the optimization conditions. But a very little work is reported about: - how chitosan can affect the size and shape of metallic nanoparticles and how can it reduce metal salts to prepare metallic nanoparticle, stablilized in chitosan metrics. This is very first report as a review article highlighting the effect of chitosan on synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and optimization conditions. This review will also be beneficial for scientist working on food sensing application of nanoparticles.  Various synthesis methods and applications of chitosan based metallic nanoparticles have also been reported in details.

scholarly journals Natural Metallic Nanoparticles for Application in Nano-Oncology

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edouard Alphandéry
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Tumor Cell Death ◽  
Strong Basis ◽  
Ph Variation ◽  
Apoptotic Tumor Cell ◽  
Anti Tumor Activity

Here, the various types of naturally synthesized metallic nanoparticles, which are essentially composed of Ce, Ag, Au, Pt, Pd, Cu, Ni, Se, Fe, or their oxides, are presented, based on a literature analysis. The synthesis methods used to obtain them most often involve the reduction of metallic ions by biological materials or organisms, i.e., essentially plant extracts, yeasts, fungus, and bacteria. The anti-tumor activity of these nanoparticles has been demonstrated on different cancer lines. They rely on various mechanisms of action, such as heat, the release of chemotherapeutic drugs under a pH variation, nanoparticle excitation by radiation, or apoptotic tumor cell death. Among these natural metallic nanoparticles, one type, which consists of iron oxide nanoparticles produced by magnetotactic bacteria called magnetosomes, has been purified to remove endotoxins and abide by pharmacological regulations. It has been tested in vivo for anti-tumor efficacy. For that, purified and stabilized magnetosomes were injected in intracranial mouse glioblastoma tumors and repeatedly heated under the application of an alternating magnetic field, leading to the full disappearance of these tumors. As a whole, the results presented in the literature form a strong basis for pursuing the efforts towards the use of natural metallic nanoparticles for cancer treatment first pre-clinically and then clinically.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Pritam Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Jatin Kumar ◽  
Amit K. Das ◽  
Soumi Sadhu ◽  
Sunita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal rise in nanotechnology research due to its broad range of applications in diverse fields including food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, environmental science, catalysis, and medicine. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials (nano-sized particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm) make them uniquely suitable for such wide range of functions. The nanoparticles when manufactured using green synthesis methods are especially desirable being devoid of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals, or addition of external stabilizing or capping agents. Numerous plants and microorganisms are being experimented upon for an eco–friendly, cost–effective, and biologically safe process optimization. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the green synthesis of metallic NPs using plants and microorganisms, factors affecting the synthesis, and characterization of synthesized NPs. The potential applications of metal NPs in various sectors have also been highlighted along with the major challenges involved with respect to toxicity and translational research.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts as Beneficial Prospect for Cancer Theranostics

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 6389
Author(s):  
Kaushik Kumar Bharadwaj ◽  
Bijuli Rabha ◽  
Siddhartha Pati ◽  
Tanmay Sarkar ◽  
Bhabesh Kumar Choudhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Characterization Methods ◽  
Cancer Theranostics ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely explored and are well-known for their medical applications. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are a way to make AuNPs. In any case, the hunt for other more ecologically friendly and cost-effective large-scale technologies, such as environmentally friendly biological processes known as green synthesis, has been gaining interest by worldwide researchers. The international focus on green nanotechnology research has resulted in various nanomaterials being used in environmentally and physiologically acceptable applications. Several advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis (simple, one-step approach to synthesize, cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and biocompatibility) have drawn scientists’ attention to exploring the green synthesis of AuNPs by exploiting plants’ secondary metabolites. Biogenic approaches, mainly the plant-based synthesis of metal nanoparticles, have been chosen as the ideal strategy due to their environmental and in vivo safety, as well as their ease of synthesis. In this review, we reviewed the use of green synthesized AuNPs in the treatment of cancer by utilizing phytochemicals found in plant extracts. This article reviews plant-based methods for producing AuNPs, characterization methods of synthesized AuNPs, and discusses their physiochemical properties. This study also discusses recent breakthroughs and achievements in using green synthesized AuNPs in cancer treatment and different mechanisms of action, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation, leading to apoptosis, etc., for their anticancer and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AuNPs therapeutic efficacy will aid in developing personalized medicines and treatments for cancer as a potential cancer therapeutic strategy.

A Review of Reducing Agents in Chemical and Natural Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Vandana ◽  
Mangesh Pradeep Kulkarni ◽  
Sagar Tanwar ◽  
Poluri Sesha Sai Kiran ◽  
Gurmandeep Kaur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Synthetic Agents ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Reducing Properties

: Metal nanoparticular synthesis techniques essentially involve a reduction of metal ions to convert them into nanoparticles. Reducing agents originate from natural and synthetic sources. Chemical methods involve application of synthetic agents that are not healthy and eco-friendly and thus, there is a need for green methods. Green synthesis methods involve reduction of metal ions using plant-based extracts or phytoconstituents and microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, and fungi. These methods have been found to be cost-effective, more efficient and eliminate the application of hazardous chemicals. The phytoconstituents involved in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles are rich in polyols and antioxidants, which in addition to reducing properties, also offer stabilization of formed nanoparticles. Moreover, the size of nanoparticles can also be controlled based on the mechanism of reducing agent involved therein. The present review is an attempt to highlight the methods of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles with a special mention of applications of various natural antioxidants in their synthesis.

scholarly journals Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2236
Author(s):  
Rosana A. Gonçalves ◽  
Rosimara P. Toledo ◽  
Nirav Joshi ◽  
Olivia M. Berengue
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Green Approach ◽  
Oxide Nanostructures ◽  
Co Precipitation ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Synthesis Approach ◽  
Tio2 Nanostructures

Over the last two decades, oxide nanostructures have been continuously evaluated and used in many technological applications. The advancement of the controlled synthesis approach to design desired morphology is a fundamental key to the discipline of material science and nanotechnology. These nanostructures can be prepared via different physical and chemical methods; however, a green and ecofriendly synthesis approach is a promising way to produce these nanostructures with desired properties with less risk of hazardous chemicals. In this regard, ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures are prominent candidates for various applications. Moreover, they are more efficient, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review mainly focuses on the recent state-of-the-art advancements in the green synthesis approach for ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures and their applications. The first section summarizes the green synthesis approach to synthesize ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures via different routes such as solvothermal, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and sol-gel using biological systems that are based on the principles of green chemistry. The second section demonstrates the application of ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures. The review also discusses the problems and future perspectives of green synthesis methods and the related issues posed and overlooked by the scientific community on the green approach to nanostructure oxides.

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