scholarly journals Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Pritam Kumar Dikshit ◽  
Jatin Kumar ◽  
Amit K. Das ◽  
Soumi Sadhu ◽  
Sunita Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Of Functions

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal rise in nanotechnology research due to its broad range of applications in diverse fields including food safety, transportation, sustainable energy, environmental science, catalysis, and medicine. The distinctive properties of nanomaterials (nano-sized particles in the range of 1 to 100 nm) make them uniquely suitable for such wide range of functions. The nanoparticles when manufactured using green synthesis methods are especially desirable being devoid of harsh operating conditions (high temperature and pressure), hazardous chemicals, or addition of external stabilizing or capping agents. Numerous plants and microorganisms are being experimented upon for an eco–friendly, cost–effective, and biologically safe process optimization. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the green synthesis of metallic NPs using plants and microorganisms, factors affecting the synthesis, and characterization of synthesized NPs. The potential applications of metal NPs in various sectors have also been highlighted along with the major challenges involved with respect to toxicity and translational research.

scholarly journals Application of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
Totka Dodevska ◽  
Dobrin Hadzhiev ◽  
Ivan Shterev ◽  
Yanna Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Metal Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Range Limit ◽  
Wide Range

Recently, the development of eco-friendly, cost-effective and reliable methods for synthesis of metal nanoparticles has drawn a considerable attention. The so-called green synthesis, using mild reaction conditions and natural resources as plant extracts and microorganisms, has established as a convenient, sustainable, cheap and environmentally safe approach for synthesis of a wide range of nanomaterials. Over the past decade, biosynthesis is regarded as an important tool for reducing the harmful effects of traditional nanoparticle synthesis methods commonly used in laboratories and industry. This review emphasizes the significance of biosynthesized metal nanoparticles in the field of electrochemical sensing. There is increasing evidence that green synthesis of nanoparticles provides a new direction in designing of cost-effective, highly sensitive and selective electrode-catalysts applicable in food, clinical and environmental analysis. The article is based on 157 references and provided a detailed overview on the main approaches for green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their applications in designing of electrochemical sensor devices. Important operational characteristics including sensitivity, dynamic range, limit of detection, as well as data on stability and reproducibility of sensors have also been covered. Keywords: biosynthesis; green synthesis; nanomaterials; nanotechnology; modified electrodes

Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis by Green Chemistry

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 4287-4294
Author(s):  
Anikate Sood ◽  
Shweta Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticle ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Gold Silver

Nanotechnology is the most sought field in biomedical research. Metallic nanoparticles have wide applications in the medical field and have gained the attention of various researchers for advanced research for their application in pharmaceutical field. A variety of metallic nanoparticles like gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper and zinc have been developed so far. There are different methods to synthesize metallic nanoparticles like chemical, physical, and green synthesis methods. Chemical and physical approaches suffer from certain drawbacks whereas green synthesis is emerging as a nontoxic and eco-friendly approach in production of metallic nanoparticles. Green synthesis is further divided into different approaches like synthesis via bacteria, fungi, algae, and plants. These approaches have their own advantages and disadvantages. In this article, we have described various metallic nanoparticles, different modes of green synthesis and brief description about different metabolites present in plant that act as reducing agents in green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. 

scholarly journals Removal of Heavy Metals from Chithrapuzha River Water by Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared Via Green Synthesis Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1154-1160
Author(s):  
G. DEEPA ◽  
M. JEYARAJ ◽  
P. N. Magudeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Green Synthesis ◽  
River Water ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Aquatic Life

On account of industrialization and increasing population, the water bodies get polluted by means of degradable and non-degradable substances. In 21st century, it is necessary to maintain a healthy environment especially water bodies for the survival of not the aquatic animals but also for healthy human life. Recent advances suggest that the issues related to water quality could be resolved by using nanoparticles and nano-filtration membrane methods from the development of nanotechnology. In this research, attempt to remove heavy metals from Chithrapuzha River water at Cochin bar mouth (S1) and Fact barge jetty (S2) using Fe2O3 prepared via green synthesis using Egg albumin and Aloe vera. Our results provoke that, the synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticle is cost-effective and eco-friendly and also good in nano-regime. Results of filtration studies showed that Fe2O3 nanoparticles remove heavy metals from Chithrapuzha River water and also increases the DO content which helps the survival of aquatic life.

scholarly journals Tandem Synthesis of High Yield MoS2 Nanosheets and Enzyme Peroxidase Mimicking Properties

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1009
Author(s):  
Suresh Thangudu ◽  
Mu Tzu Lee ◽  
Sami Rtimi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Science ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Difference ◽  
Molybdenum Sulfide ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bulk Mos2

Molybdenum Sulfide nanosheets (MoS2 NSs) have unique properties that allow its use in a wide range of applications. Unfortunately, a lack of green synthesis methods to achieve a high yield remains a challenge after decades. Herein we report a simple, ecofriendly, green and cost-effective approach to synthesize water soluble MoS2 NSs via probe/Tip sonication method. The sequential batch manner pathway allows us to attain a high yield of MoS2 NSs (~100%). The prepared MoS2 NSs were characterized using up-to-date surface science techniques. UV-visible-NIR spectroscopy allowed us to visualize the doublet peaks of pristine MoS2 at 610 and 680 nm concomitant with the inter-band transitions at 394 nm and 460 nm. Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), the crystallites’ sizes were estimated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman Spectroscopy were performed with respect to the bulk MoS2. The energy difference between the Raman peaks revealed that our NSs are formed of 5–6 layers. Further, we explored enzyme peroxidase mimetic properties of the synthesized MoS2 NSs. Results showed that the present MoS2 NSs offer excellent peroxidase mimicking properties. Most importantly, we observed that the optical properties and characteristics of MoS2 NSs synthesized by the current green method are similar to those of MoS2 NSs synthesized using conventional harsh methods reported in the literature. So that we strongly assume that the present method is a green alternative for the existing low yield and harsh experimental procedures to achieve water soluble MoS2 NSs in high yield. The synthesized soluble NSs are promising catalysts for the detection of toxic chemicals in the environment and/or for following enzymatic chromogenic reactions.

scholarly journals Progress, Challenges and Opportunities in Divalent Transition Metal-Doped Cobalt Ferrites Nanoparticles Applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oana Cadar ◽  
Thomas Dippong ◽  
Marin Senila ◽  
Erika-Andrea Levei
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Application Range ◽  
High Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cobalt Ferrites ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Preparation Route ◽  
Metal Doped ◽  
New Applications

Engineered nanomaterials with tailored properties are highly required in a wide range of industrial fields. Consequently, the researches dedicated to the identification of new applications for existing materials and to the development of novel promising materials and cost effective, eco-friendly synthesis methods gained considerable attention in the last years. Cobalt ferrite is one of the nanomaterials with a wide application range due to its unique properties such as high electrical resistivity, negligible eddy current loss, moderate saturation magnetization, chemical and thermal stability, high Curie temperature and high mechanical hardness. Moreover, its structural, magnetic and electrical properties can be tailored by the selection of preparation route, chemical composition, dopant ions and thermal treatment. This chapter presents the recent applications of nanosized cobalt ferrites doped or co-doped with divalent transition ions such as Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ obtained by various synthesis methods in ceramics, medicine, catalysis, electronics and communications.

scholarly journals III–V Nanowires: Synthesis, Property Manipulations, and Device Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Fang ◽  
Ning Han ◽  
Fengyun Wang ◽  
Zai-xing Yang ◽  
SenPo Yip ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Property Control

III–V semiconductor nanowire (NW) materials possess a combination of fascinating properties, including their tunable direct bandgap, high carrier mobility, excellent mechanical flexibility, and extraordinarily large surface-to-volume ratio, making them superior candidates for next generation electronics, photonics, and sensors, even possibly on flexible substrates. Understanding the synthesis, property manipulation, and device integration of these III–V NW materials is therefore crucial for their practical implementations. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent development in III–V NWs with the focus on their cost-effective synthesis, corresponding property control, and the relevant low-operating-power device applications. We will first introduce the synthesis methods and growth mechanisms of III–V NWs, emphasizing the low-cost solid-source chemical vapor deposition (SSCVD) technique, and then discuss the physical properties of III–V NWs with special attention on their dependences on several typical factors including the choice of catalysts, NW diameters, surface roughness, and surface decorations. After that, we present several different examples in the area of high-performance photovoltaics and low-power electronic circuit prototypes to further demonstrate the potential applications of these NW materials. Towards the end, we also make some remarks on the progress made and challenges remaining in the III–V NW research field.

The Impact of the Surface Shape of the Piston on Power Losses

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Wondergem ◽  
Monika Ivantysynova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dissipation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Critical Gap ◽  
Piston Cylinder ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Gap Height ◽  
The Impact

Axial piston machines are widely used in industry thus new cost-effective and highly efficient designs are needed. One way to increase efficiency and decrease cost is by altering the geometry along with the configuration of the piston/cylinder interface influencing the fluid film generation and in turn the energy dissipation and load carrying capacity while still having a design that is cost effective and easy to manufacture. This paper presents a study on a reduction of energy dissipation between the piston and cylinder over a wide range of operating conditions at both full and partial displacements based on the surface shape of the piston along with the minimum clearance. First, it is necessary to measure a base design and then compare those results to simulations in order to verify the simulation results. Once a baseline is established, various piston surface shapes and minimum clearances are then also simulated and compared back to the simulated baseline. Not only is energy dissipation important to compare, but also the minimum gap height over one revolution. The minimum gap height is in direct correlation to friction loss and wear. Therefore, this paper also includes an understanding of how the gap height affects the total losses thus leading to the importance of finding a relative clearance that satisfies a median between torque losses and leakage along with the importance of reducing the occurrence of critical gap heights to reduce the need for wear in in the machine.

Formaldehyde Formation in Large Bore Engines Part 2: Factors Affecting Measured CH2O

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Olsen ◽  
Charles E. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Natural Gas Engines ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutant ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact

Current research shows that the only hazardous air pollutant of significance emitted from large bore natural gas engines is formaldehyde CH2O. A literature review on formaldehyde formation is presented focusing on the interpretation of published test data and its applicability to large bore natural gas engines. The relationship of formaldehyde emissions to that of other pollutants is described. Formaldehyde is seen to have a strong correlation to total hydrocarbon (THC) level in the exhaust. It is observed that the ratio of formaldehyde to THC concentration is roughly 1.0–2.5 percent for a very wide range of large bore engines and operating conditions. The impact of engine operating parameters, load, rpm, spark timing, and equivalence ratio, on formaldehyde emissions is also evaluated. [S0742-4795(00)01004-8]

scholarly journals Cost Effective Synthesis of Graphene Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose: A Comprehensive Review

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Georgia Balkourani ◽  
Theodoros Damartzis ◽  
Angeliki Brouzgou ◽  
Panagiotis Tsiakaras
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Metallic Nanoparticles ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Direct Electron Transfer ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Synthesis Methods

The high conductivity of graphene material (or its derivatives) and its very large surface area enhance the direct electron transfer, improving non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors sensitivity and its other characteristics. The offered large pores facilitate analyte transport enabling glucose detection even at very low concentration values. In the current review paper we classified the enzymeless graphene-based glucose electrocatalysts’ synthesis methods that have been followed into the last few years into four main categories: (i) direct growth of graphene (or oxides) on metallic substrates, (ii) in-situ growth of metallic nanoparticles into graphene (or oxides) matrix, (iii) laser-induced graphene electrodes and (iv) polymer functionalized graphene (or oxides) electrodes. The increment of the specific surface area and the high degree reduction of the electrode internal resistance were recognized as their common targets. Analyzing glucose electrooxidation mechanism over Cu- Co- and Ni-(oxide)/graphene (or derivative) electrocatalysts, we deduced that glucose electrochemical sensing properties, such as sensitivity, detection limit and linear detection limit, totally depend on the route of the mass and charge transport between metal(II)/metal(III); and so both (specific area and internal resistance) should have the optimum values.

Centrifugally Pumped Thermosiphons for Motor Rotor Cooling

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. McElhinney ◽  
T. M. Jahns ◽  
T. A. Shedd
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nucleate Boiling ◽  
Electric Machine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Synchronous Machines ◽  
Condenser Section ◽  
Torque Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Electric Machine Design

This paper presents a detailed approach to provide improved cooling and heat spreading in electric machine rotors using centrifugally-pumped revolving thermosiphons. Design concepts are discussed that offer the following advantages: (1) high thermal performance across a wide range of operating points; (2) low-impedance heat paths; (3) excellent opportunities for integration with electric machine design for improved electromagnetic performance and structural design, as well as practical, cost-effective manufacturing. It takes advantage of centrifugal force to provide effective inertial pumping over a wide range of operating conditions. In addition, the new thermosiphon design is compatible with existing standard electric machine manufacturing techniques and cooling needs. A condenser section fin and ramp structure provides consistently high condensation performance. Surface texture design to promote effective nucleate boiling at high speeds is discussed, and fluid fill factor is analyzed. Applications include induction and PM synchronous machines. Benefits of these thermosiphons include increased steady-state power and torque density, increased and more consistent efficiency, and reduced permanent magnet volume and cost in PM synchronous machines. Other applications may include centrifugal gas compression, chemical processes, and machine tools.

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