scholarly journals Threat Modelling and Beyond-Novel Approaches to Cyber Secure the Smart Energy System

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5149
Author(s):  
Heribert Vallant ◽  
Branka Stojanović ◽  
Josip Božić ◽  
Katharina Hofer-Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Critical Energy ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Energy Balancing ◽  
Threat Modelling

Smart Grids (SGs) represent electrical power systems that incorporate increased information processing and efficient technological solutions. The integration of local prosumers, demand response systems and storage allows novel possibilities with regard to energy balancing and optimization of grid operations. Unfortunately, the dependence on IT leaves the SG exposed to security violations. In this paper, we contribute to this challenge and provide a methodology for systematic risk assessment of cyber attacks in SG systems. We propose a threat model and identify possible vulnerabilities in low-voltage distribution grids. Then, we calculate exploitation probabilities from realistic attack scenarios. Lastly, we apply formal verification to check the stochastic model against attack properties. The obtained results provide insight into potential threats and the likeliness of successful attacks. We elaborate on the effects of a security violation with regard to security and privacy of energy clients. In the aftermath, we discuss future considerations for improving security in the critical energy sector.

scholarly journals Intelligent Energy Management of Electrical Power Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Sechilariu
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Energy System

Smart grid implementation is facilitated by multi-source energy systems development, i.e., microgrids, which are considered the key smart grid building blocks. Whether they are alternative current (AC) or direct current (DC), high voltage or low voltage, high power or small power, integrated into the distribution system or the transmission network, multi-source systems always require an intelligent energy management that is integrated into the power system. A comprehensive intelligent energy system aims at providing overall energy efficiency with regard to the following: increased power generation flexibility, increased renewable generation systems, improved energy consumption, reduced CO2 emission, improved stability, and minimized energy cost. This Special Issue presents recent key theoretical and practical developments that concern the models, technologies, and flexible solutions to facilitate the following optimal energy and power flow strategies: the techno-economic model for optimal sources dispatching (mono and multi-objective energy optimization), real-time optimal scheduling, and real time optimization with model predictive control.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cyber Attacks Vulnerabilities In Electrical Power Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 925-928
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Electrical Power System ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Electrical Power Systems ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Intelligent Electronic Devices

The term “Smart grid” is used for the modernized electrical power system grids. Power grids as we know it is a collection of generation units and load centers that are connected through power lines. Smart grids are a newer version of power grids which basically is the digitalization of the infrastructure with the involvement of smart meters, sensors and different types of IED’s (Intelligent Electronic Devices). As the grids become smart they become vulnerable to attacks over the internet i.e., cyber attacks

A Review of the Smart Grid Concept for Electrical Power System

2022 ◽  
pp. 1361-1385
Author(s):  
Amam Hossain Bagdadee ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Electrical Power System

The review this article conducts is an extensive analysis of the concept of a smart grid framework with the most sophisticated smart grid innovation and some basic information about smart grid soundness. Smart grids as a new scheme for energy and a future generation framework encourages the expansion of information and progress. The smart grid framework concord will potentially take years. In this article, the focus is on developing smart networks within the framework of electric power systems.

scholarly journals A Methodology for Dependability Evaluation of Smart Grids

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisliany Alves ◽  
Danielle Marques ◽  
Ivanovitch Silva ◽  
Luiz Affonso Guedes ◽  
Maria da Guia da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Hierarchical Topology ◽  
Automation Systems ◽  
Dependability Evaluation ◽  
Information And Communication

Smart grids are a new trend in electric power distribution, which has been guiding the digitization of electric ecosystems. These smart networks are continually being introduced in order to improve the dependability (reliability, availability) and efficiency of power grid systems. However, smart grids are often complex, composed of heterogeneous components (intelligent automation systems, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) control systems, power systems, smart metering systems, and others). Additionally, they are organized under a hierarchical topology infrastructure demanded by priority-based services, resulting in a costly modeling and evaluation of their dependability requirements. This work explores smart grid modeling as a graph in order to propose a methodology for dependability evaluation. The methodology is based on Fault Tree formalism, where the top event is generated automatically and encompasses the hierarchical infrastructure, redundant features, load priorities, and failure and repair distribution rates of all components of a smart grid. The methodology is suitable to be applied in early design stages, making possible to evaluate instantaneous and average measurements of reliability and availability, as well as to identify eventual critical regions and components of smart grid. The study of a specific use-case of low-voltage distribution network is used for validation purposes.

A Review of the Smart Grid Concept for Electrical Power System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-126
Author(s):  
Amam Hossain Bagdadee ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Electric Power Systems ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Electrical Power System ◽  
Extensive Analysis

The review this article conducts is an extensive analysis of the concept of a smart grid framework with the most sophisticated smart grid innovation and some basic information about smart grid soundness. Smart grids as a new scheme for energy and a future generation framework encourages the expansion of information and progress. The smart grid framework concord will potentially take years. In this article, the focus is on developing smart networks within the framework of electric power systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of cyber vulnerabilities of the emergency control and relay protection to assess the reliability and survivability of electrical power systems in the era of total digitalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 216 ◽  
pp. 01040
Author(s):  
Alexey Osak ◽  
Daniil Panasetsky ◽  
Elena Buzina
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Relay Protection ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Electrical Power Systems ◽  
Emergency Control

Cyber threats pose an increasing threat to energy objects. It is essential to ensure the cybersecurity of automatic control systems, such as relay protection devices (RP), devices of regime control (RC) and emergency control (EC), automated control systems. At the same time, the issues of cybersecurity include not only the problem of hacker attacks, but also the whole complex of problems relating to adequate functioning of cybernetic systems in the power industry. The authors consider two of the most acute aspects of cybersecurity in the energy systems of the future in the era of total digitalization: large-scale prepared cyber attacks on the electrical power systems (EPS) as a whole and large-scale cyber attacks on distribution networks with small-scale generation facilities and active consumers.

scholarly journals Marginal Uncertainty Cost Functions for Solar Photovoltaic, Wind Energy, Hydro Generators, and Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6375
Author(s):  
Elkin D. Reyes ◽  
Arturo S. Bretas ◽  
Sergio Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Electrical Power Systems ◽  
High Penetration

The high penetration of renewable sources of energy in electrical power systems implies an increase in the uncertainty variables of the economic dispatch (ED). Uncertainty costs are a metric to quantify the variability introduced from renewable energy generation, that is to say: wind energy generation (WEG), run-of-the-river hydro generators (RHG), and solar photovoltaic generation (PVG). On other side, there are associated uncertainties to the charge/uncharge of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). Thus, in this paper, the uncertainty cost functions (UCF) and their marginal expressions as a way of modeling and assessment of stochasticity in power systems with high penetration of smart grids elements is presented. In this work, a mathematical analysis is presented using the first and second derivatives of the UCF, where the marginal uncertainty cost functions (MUCF) and the UCF’s minimums for PVG, WEG, PEV, and RHG are derived. Further, a model validation is presented, considering comparative test results from the state of the art of the UCF minimum, developed in a previous study, to the minimum reached with the presented (MUCF) solution.

An Optimal Photovoltaic Conversion System for Future Smart Grids

2018 ◽  
pp. 601-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Makdisie ◽  
Badia Haidar ◽  
Hassan Haes Alhelou
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Electrical Power Systems ◽  
Active Power Line Conditioner ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Unbalanced Loads

Smart grid technology is the key for a reliable and efficient use of distributed energy resources. Amongst all the renewable sources, solar power takes the prominent position due to its availability in abundance. In this chapter, the authors present smart grid infrastructure issues and integrating solar PV-sourced electricity in the smart grid. Smart grid has many features, including reliability, flexibility on network topology, efficiency, sustainability, and market-enabling. The authors select a photovoltaic active power line conditioner as a case study. This line conditioner is a device designed to extract the maximum power of a photovoltaic (PV) system and to compensate the nonlinear and unbalanced loads of the electrical power systems. The performance of the PV conditioner with the neuro-fuzzy control designed has been analyzed through a simulation platform.

scholarly journals Proving a Concept of Flexible Under-Frequency Load Shedding with Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Sodin ◽  
Rajne Ilievska ◽  
Andrej Čampa ◽  
Miha Smolnikar ◽  
Urban Rudez
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Load Shedding ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Readiness Level

It is widely recognized that in the transition from conventional electrical power systems (EPSs) towards smart grids, electrical voltage frequency will be greatly affected. This is why this research is extremely valuable, especially since rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) is often considered as a potential means of resolving newly arisen problems, but is often challenged in practice due to the noise and its oscillating character. In this paper, the authors further developed and tested one of the new technologies related to under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) protection. Since the basic idea was to enhance the selected technology’s readiness level, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) setup with an RTDS was assembled. The under-frequency technology was implemented in an intelligent electronic device (IED) and included in the HIL setup. The IED acted as one of several protection devices, representing a last-resort system protection scheme. All main contributions of this research deal with using RoCoF in an innovative UFLS scheme under test: (i) appropriate selection and parameterization of RoCoF filtering techniques does not worsen under-frequency load shedding during fast-occurring events, (ii) locally measured RoCoF can be effectively used for bringing a high level of flexibility to a system-wide scheme, and (iii) diversity of relays and RoCoF-measuring techniques is an advantage, not a drawback.

Introduction to Smart Grid and Micro-Grid Systems

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Safwan Nadweh ◽  
Zeina Barakat
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Electrical Power Systems ◽  
Grid Systems ◽  
Micro Grid ◽  
Micro Grids

This chapter describes the upcoming technology for electrical power systems that gives the appropriate solution for the integration of the distributed energy resources. In this chapter, different categories of smart grids have been classified, and the advantages, weakness, and opportunities of each one, are given in addition to determining its own operating conditions. Micro-grids are the most common kind of smart grid. It has been classified under different criteria, such as architecture with different topology (connected mode, island mode, etc.) and demand criteria (simple micro grids, multi-DG, utility) and by capacity into simple micro-grid, corporate micro-grid, and independent micro-grid, and by AC/DC type to DC micro-grids, AC micro-grids, Hybrid micro-grids. Finally, most familiar Micro-grid components have been discussed such as an energy management system along with several types of control and communication systems in addition to the economic study of a micro-grids.

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