scholarly journals Influence of Soil Characteristics on Wood Biodeterioration by Brown Rot Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8837
Author(s):  
Javier Ribera ◽  
Elisabeth Michel ◽  
Francis W. M. R. Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Impregnated Wood

Soil conditions can directly influence the inoculum potential of wood decay fungi, which is likely to be a major factor in the premature failure of utility poles across Europe. The objective of our study was to assess the influence of soil pH, humic acid and iron on wood decay. For this purpose, we incubated Fe-impregnated wood specimens on artificial medium to evaluate the influence of the metal on the activity of brown rot fungi. Moreover, the impact of Cu-leaching from impregnated wood specimens that were exposed to humic acid solutions was measured. In addition, weight losses caused by brown rot fungi in impregnated wood pole segments and stiffness (Young’s modulus of Elasticity) of Cu-impregnated wood specimens were quantified. The pH measurements showed that the soil samples were slightly acid (pH = 6.7 ± 0.7). In comparison to non-impregnated controls, the Fe-impregnated samples significantly increased weight losses by brown rot fungi (>30–40%). In the presence of humic acid the release of copper from chromium-free wood preservatives (up to 143.34 mg L−1) was enhanced. Weight losses in impregnated wood segments by brown rot fungi ranged from 5.3 to 20.4%. The recorded reduction in stiffness by brown rot fungi ranged from approximately 3.96 to 55.52% for Cu-impregnated wood specimens after 12 weeks. Our study shows that the pH, humic acid, iron content and selected wood preservatives greatly influence susceptibility of impregnated wood to brown rot fungi during ground contact.

scholarly journals Premature failure of utility poles in Switzerland and Germany related to wood decay basidiomycetes

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Ribera ◽  
Mark Schubert ◽  
Siegfried Fink ◽  
Marco Cartabia ◽  
Francis W.M.R. Schwarze
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
Utility Pole ◽  
Utility Poles ◽  
Cu Tolerance

Abstract In contact with soil, copper (Cu) formulations as preservatives are expected to inhibit wood decay by fungi and other soil-borne microorganisms. However, Cu-resistant brown-rot (BR) fungi lead to premature failures of utility poles at some sites. In this study, the service lives of 111 utility poles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) (73 from Switzerland and 38 from Germany) impregnated with Cu-based wood preservatives were investigated. Three segments of each utility pole were analyzed. The severity of decay was dependent on the preservative formulation. BR fungi and in particular Antrodia species were predominantly isolated from utility poles that were not treated with a co-biocide, e.g. boron (B). Cu-sensitivity of several isolated BR fungi was confirmed in studies on Cu-amended medium and in Cu-treated wood. Isolates of Fibroporia vaillantii and Serpula himantioides showed a higher Cu-tolerance than the highly Cu-tolerant Empa isolate Rhodonia placenta (Empa 45) or Antrodia serialis.

Unraveling the natural durability of wood: revealing the impact of decay-influencing characteristics other than fungicidal components

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Bernard De Baets ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Material Characteristics ◽  
The One ◽  
Block Test ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe effect of fungicidal components in wood has been known for ages, yet there is no method to assess the impact of such components on the durability of a wood species, as compared to other material characteristics that influence decay. In this paper, the importance of fungicidal effects on the natural durability of 10 wood species is assessed in relation to other decay-influencing factors with a new test, the so-called ‘paste test’. By comparing results from this test with the ‘mini-block test’, on both heartwood and leached sapwood, insight is gained into the significance of fungicidal components on the one hand and other material characteristics on the other hand. The durability of species such as Prunus avium was attributed mainly to fungicidal components. For species such as Pterocarpus soyauxii, durability seemed to be an effect of both fungicidal components and moisture-regulating components, while the latter seemed to be of main importance in regulating the decay of Aucoumea klaineana and Entandrophragma cylindricum. Wood-anatomical features, such as the parenchyma content (in case of brown rot fungi) and the vessel-fiber ratio, possibly affect degradation as well. This work shows that fungicidal components are not always of major importance for the durability of a wood species. The authors hereby emphasize the importance of moisture-regulating components and wood anatomy on the durability of wood.

Condensed conifer tannins as antifungal agents in liquid culture

Holzforschung ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 825-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Kaisa Anttila ◽  
Anna Maria Pirttilä ◽  
Hely Häggman ◽  
Anni Harju ◽  
Martti Venäläinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Wood Preservatives ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Abstract In the last decades, many wood preservatives have been prohibited for their ecotoxicity. The present article is focusing on the conifer-derived condensed tannins as environment-friendly options for the substitution of artificial wood preservatives. Eight different tannin fractions were extracted from spruce cones, spruce barks, and pine cones. The parameters of tannin extraction, such as the methods of purification and concentration of active components in the extracts, have been investigated. The cone and bark extracts were tested for the growth inhibition of eight brown-rot fungi, three white-rot fungi, and four soft-rot fungi in liquid cultures. The cone tannins provided a more efficient fungal growth inhibition than bark tannins. Purification increased the antifungal properties of the extracts. The growth of brown-rot fungi was inhibited by the tannins already at low concentrations. However, the extracts were not effective against the white-rot or soft-rot fungi. More investigation is needed concerning the tannin source and the purification procedure of the extracts before tannins can be considered as an ecologically benign wood preservative.

Variation in germination percentage of basidiospores collected successively from wood decay fungi in culture

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Schmidt ◽  
D. W. French
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Successive collections of basidiospores, produced in culture from the same hymenial areas of four species of wood decay fungi, were tested for spore germination percentage on malt extract agar under controlled conditions. Spores from white rot fungi retained high germination levels after 5 weeks of spore production, but germination averages for brown rot fungi decreased by more than 50%. Such variation should be considered in wood pathology research using spore germination bioassay.

scholarly journals Localizing gene regulation reveals a staggered wood decay mechanism for the brown rot fungusPostia placenta

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (39) ◽  
pp. 10968-10973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiwei Zhang ◽  
Gerald N. Presley ◽  
Kenneth E. Hammel ◽  
Jae-San Ryu ◽  
Jon R. Menke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Ros Generation ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Whole Transcriptome

Wood-degrading brown rot fungi are essential recyclers of plant biomass in forest ecosystems. Their efficient cellulolytic systems, which have potential biotechnological applications, apparently depend on a combination of two mechanisms: lignocellulose oxidation (LOX) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and polysaccharide hydrolysis by a limited set of glycoside hydrolases (GHs). Given that ROS are strongly oxidizing and nonselective, these two steps are likely segregated. A common hypothesis has been that brown rot fungi use a concentration gradient of chelated metal ions to confine ROS generation inside wood cell walls before enzymes can infiltrate. We examined an alternative: that LOX components involved in ROS production are differentially expressed by brown rot fungi ahead of GH components. We used spatial mapping to resolve a temporal sequence inPostia placenta, sectioning thin wood wafers colonized directionally. Among sections, we measured gene expression by whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) and assayed relevant enzyme activities. We found a marked pattern of LOX up-regulation in a narrow (5-mm, 48-h) zone at the hyphal front, which included many genes likely involved in ROS generation. Up-regulation of GH5 endoglucanases and many other GHs clearly occurred later, behind the hyphal front, with the notable exceptions of two likely expansins and a GH28 pectinase. Our results support a staggered mechanism for brown rot that is controlled by differential expression rather than microenvironmental gradients. This mechanism likely results in an oxidative pretreatment of lignocellulose, possibly facilitated by expansin- and pectinase-assisted cell wall swelling, before cellulases and hemicellulases are deployed for polysaccharide depolymerization.

Comparative Morphology of Early Stages of Brown-Rot Wood Decay

IAWA Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Wayne Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Diagnostic Feature ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Poria Placenta ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Early Progression

Early stages of decay by two brown-rot fungi in two woods were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The earliest diagnostic feature to appear was hyphae in the earlywood lumina. The earliest effect on cell walls was the loss of birefringence in the earlywood; Poria placenta (syn. Postia placenta) caused this loss at the earliest stage of decay observed, in both Douglas-fir and white fir, while Gloeophyllum trabeum caused significant weight loss before loss of birefringence was visible. Attack on the latewood progressed from the earlywood, and was different in pattern among the wood/fungus combinations. Hyphal and bore hole diameter increased throughout the early progression of decay and would be useful in evaluating the stage of decay, if the starting diameter of hyphae could be determined. Separation between cells was not observed until moderate stages of decay and, therefore, was not useful in diagnosing early stages of decay.

Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Silveira Carneiro ◽  
Luciano Emmert ◽  
Gerson H. Sternadt ◽  
Julio César Mendes ◽  
Getúlio F. Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Hymenaea Courbaril ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Resistant Species

Abstract A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.

scholarly journals Effects of epyxilous fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. ex Fr.) murrill on the deccomposition of oak wood

2017 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Miroslava Marković ◽  
Snežana Rajković ◽  
Mara Tabaković-Tošić ◽  
Marija Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Regression Line ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Oak Wood ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Static Modulus ◽  
Laetiporus Sulphureus ◽  
The Impact

Testing samples were collected from the medulla of healthy oak trees in Eastern Serbia, from the association of Quercetum montanum. Over the periods of 2, 4 and 6 months the wood samples were exposed to influence of the mycelia of the fungus causing cubical brown rot on oak. Given that static modulus of rupture provides the quickest and clearest way to observe destruction caused by epixylous fungi, this paper researched the decrease in modulus of rupture of Sessile oak wood due to influence of causers of cubical brown rot. The samples have been exposed to the impact of the mycelia of the brown rot fungus on oak tree Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull. ex Fr.) Murrill (Sulphur Polypore). Effect of to the impact of the brown rot fungi was investigated, in decrease of static modulus of rupture Quercus petraea agg. The static modulus of rupture caused by L. sulphureus after 2, 4 and 6 months decreased in comparison with initial ones (100%) and reached 91.73, 75.17 and 63.25%. By using correlation analyses of Q. petraea agg. static modulus of rupture - ss (dependent variable) of fungi time influence (T-independent variable) strong correlation between variables was established, and regression equation is: ss= 151.514 ± 30,657 √ T The regression line obtained through data processing opened the possibility to prognosticate the changes of wood properties in certain time periods of the effect of the fungus under the unchanged external conditions, which is significant for practical purposes in terms of taking protective measures and wood usability.

MICROMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD BIODEGRADATION IN WET ENVIRONMENTS: A REVIEW

IAWA Journal ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Adya P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Wood Biodegradation ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Basidiomycete Fungi

Wood in wet environments is attacked and degraded by soft rot fungi and erosion and tunnelling bacteria, which are more tolerant to high moisture and reduced oxygen conditions than basidiomycetes, such as white and brown rot fungi. Since wood decaying basidiomycete fungi are normally more aggressive and can degrade wood faster than soft rot fungi and bacteria, wood in wet environments can survive for a relatively long time. Archaeological investigations show that wood buried deep in ocean sediments can survive for hundreds and even thousands of years. In this review degradation patterns of various types of microbial wood decay are briefly described, and examples of decay type(s) in wood exposed in various wet environments presented. It is important to understand biological wood decay in wet environments in order to find appropriate ways to prolong woodʼs service life and properly restore wooden artefacts.

scholarly journals Enhanced Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activities on Hardwood and Softwood during Interspecific Interactions of White- and Brown-Rot Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Junko Sugano ◽  
Ndegwa Maina ◽  
Janne Wallenius ◽  
Kristiina Hildén
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Interspecific Interactions ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Wood Decomposition ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi

Wood decomposition is a sophisticated process where various biocatalysts act simultaneously and synergistically on biopolymers to efficiently break down plant cell walls. In nature, this process depends on the activities of the wood-inhabiting fungal communities that co-exist and interact during wood decay. Wood-decaying fungal species have traditionally been classified as white-rot and brown-rot fungi, which differ in their decay mechanism and enzyme repertoire. To mimic the species interaction during wood decomposition, we have cultivated the white-rot fungus, Bjerkandera adusta, and two brown-rot fungi, Gloeophyllum sepiarium and Antrodia sinuosa, in single and co-cultivations on softwood and hardwood. We compared their extracellular hydrolytic carbohydrate-active and oxidative lignin-degrading enzyme activities and production profiles. The interaction of white-rot and brown-rot species showed enhanced (hemi)cellulase activities on birch and spruce-supplemented cultivations. Based on the enzyme activity profiles, the combination of B. adusta and G. sepiarium facilitated birch wood degradation, whereas B. adusta and A. sinuosa is a promising combination for efficient degradation of spruce wood, showing synergy in β-glucosidase (BGL) and α-galactosidase (AGL) activity. Synergistic BGL and AGL activity was also detected on birch during the interaction of brown-rot species. Our findings indicate that fungal interaction on different woody substrates have an impact on both simultaneous and sequential biocatalytic activities.

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