scholarly journals Selection of Tanned-Leather Waste in Recovering Novel Raw Material for Manufacturing Rubber Artifacts: Towards a Zero-Waste Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5374
Author(s):  
Gennaro Bufalo ◽  
Bruno Molino ◽  
Luigi Ambrosone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Leather Waste ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Mechanical Performances

Zero-waste is an ambitious goal to encourage sustainable production, consumption optimum recycling and resource recovery. The recycling and resource recovery of chrome-tanned leather waste is a difficult proposition because of the three-dimensional chemical network of collagen, which renders leather waste incompatible to polymer matrices. Many attempts have been undertaken to reuse leather waste, most of them require technological processes and challenging chemical pretreatments, which make the reuse an economically disadvantageous industrial operation. The paper aims to show how a very fine separation of leather solid waste leads to raw materials suitable for mixtures with natural rubber, without any chemical pretreatment. In other words, the paper intends to be a stimulus to manage leather solid waste carefully to start a cleaner and more profitable production. In particular, various industrial compounds containing different concentrations of post-tanning dyeing, or chrome shaving or oil-tanning and natural rubber were vulcanized through a standard preparation. Some compounds were also reinforced with carbon black and the vulcanization kinetics were monitored through rheometer. Experimental results indicate that there exists an optimal concentration of waste such that post-tanning dyeing post-tanning and chrome shaving are suitable for manufacture floor mats, soles and heels while oil-tanning waste can be used for making hose or conveyor belts. The mechanical performances of the articles prepared by direct mixing with leather waste are the same as those of commercially distributed rubber products.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Solid Waste Tuna Loin of Yellowfin Thunnus albacares Raw Materials for The Product Diversification

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayan Kantun Kantun ◽  
Andi Adam Malik ◽  
Harianti Harianti
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chemical Test ◽  
Microbiological Test ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Fresh Frozen ◽  
Processed Form

<p>Indonesia is one country in the world exporters of tuna in the form of fresh, frozen and<br />processed. Tuna exported in processed form large enough to leave waste for exporting companies.<br />The purpose of this study was to determine a feasibility study on solid waste exported tuna loin for<br />raw material diversification. This research was conducted in Majene Makassar Strait. The study was<br />conducted using descriptive exploratory method by taking a sample of 3 times and each sample<br />was tested 3 times resulting in 9 times of testing for each of the observed variables. Chemical test<br />which includes moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrates, and histamine. Microbiological test that<br />is E. coli, Salmonella and the total number of bacteria. Data were analyzed by descriptive qualitative<br />and quantitative display via Tables, Graphics and Image in the form of average value. The results<br />showed that the chemical solid waste tuna loin has a water content ranged from 78.34 to 78.78%,<br />protein content ranged from 14.32 to 16.41%, fat ranged from 1.56 to 1.66%, ash content ranged<br />from 5.18 to 5. 58%, carbohydrate content ranged from 1.29 to 1.34%, and histamine ranged from<br />2.08 to 3.21 mg / kg. Solid waste microbiologically tuna loin contains E.coli range from 1.2 to 1.9<br />(&lt;2), Salmonella negative and TPC ranged from 1.4 to 1.8 x 105 kol/g. The results of chemical and<br />microbiological testing showed solid waste tuna loin still suitable as raw material diversification<br />products.</p>

Staining Natural Rubber with Silver Nitrate for Electron Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 835-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Smith ◽  
V. L. Folt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
World War ◽  
The One

Abstract Hevea brasiliensis or natural rubber (NR) has been used for over 500 years. Until World War II, it was the basic raw material of the rubber industry. Since that time, the use of synthetic polymers has steadily increased, but the importance of NR has not diminished. In fact, the future for the natural product is very promising since it is the one polymer that is obtainable without depleting fossil fuel raw materials. Natural rubber latex has been extensively studied by a variety of methods, especially the microscope. All of the early work with NR latex was conducted, of course, with the optical microscope. In the late 1940's the electron microscope began to be used, but at that time synthetic rubbers began to demand attention, and work on NR latex diminished. Perhaps investigators felt they knew all there was to know about the microscopical characteristics of this material. Indeed, some very fine work had been done and keen observations made with optical microscopes that could not even resolve all of the particles in a latex material. This paper deals with the electron microscopy of natural rubber latexes with particular attention to the proteinaceous layer on the particle and the fate of particles during varying stages of mastication. The critical technique used was to stain the proteinaceous layer of the latex particle with silver nitrate.

Specific Properties of Artificial [Buna] Rubber

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Albert Koch
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Small Extent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
World War ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Synthetic Product ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Resistance To Heat

Abstract Developments in the Synthesis of Rubber Because of the peculiar properties of natural rubber, its usefulness is somewhat limited, and in many fields of application it is quite unsuitable. In contact with oils and fats it swells rapidly and loses almost completely its good mechanical properties, and besides this natural rubber has poor resistance to heat. Again it is attacked rather easily by oxygen, and on exposure to oxygen and light simultaneously there is a particularly strong tendency to develop cracks within a short time; it is for such reasons that the chemical industries of various countries have been looking for an artificial or synthetic product which is free from the shortcomings of natural rubber or exhibits them to only a relatively small extent. Experimentation on artificial rubber has depended fundamentally on the discovery of Harries that the natural rubber molecule is constructed of isoprene units. Isoprene and its allied hydrocarbons were prepared by Hoffmann and his coworkers at the Elberfeld dye works, and these compounds were in turn polymerized to masses similar to rubber. These experiments were carried out before the World War. Because of a shortage of raw materials during the War, it was necessary to adapt the laboratory results to a factory scale sooner than should logically have been done. At that time the most readily available technical raw material was dimethylbutadiene, a compound which differs from isoprene by the presence of an extra methyl group, as may be seen in Table I.

scholarly journals A Portable Electromagnetic System Based on mm-Wave Radars and GNSS-RTK Solutions for 3D Scanning of Large Material Piles

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Humberto Fernández Álvarez ◽  
Guillermo Álvarez-Narciandi ◽  
María García-Fernández ◽  
Jaime Laviada ◽  
Yuri Álvarez López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Electromagnetic System ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Large Material

In this paper, a portable three-dimensional (3D) scanning system for the accurate characterization of large raw material (e.g., cereal grain, coal, etc.) stockpiles is presented. The system comprises an array of high resolution millimeter-wave radars and a cm-level accuracy positioning system to accurately characterize large stockpiles by means of a high-resolution 3D map, making it suitable for automation purposes. A control unit manages the data received by the sensors, which are sent to a computer system for processing. As a proof of concept, the entire sensor system is evaluated in a real environment for electromagnetically scan a scaled stockpile of coal, used in the industry for handling raw materials. In addition, a highly efficient processing adaptive algorithm that may reconstruct the scanned structure in real-time has been introduced, enabling continuous dynamic updating of the information. Results are compared with those from a photogrammetry-like technique, revealing an excellent agreement.

scholarly journals Pulp and paper production from oil palm empty fruit bunches: A current direction in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Paper Making

The pulp and paper industry is advanced rapidly since there are many types of raw materials containing cellulose fibres that could be used to produce different kinds of paper by different methods in the mills. In Malaysia, one of the abundant non-wood materials for pulp and paper production is empty fruit bunch (EFB) from the oil palm. The EFB is the main fibrous residue and natural fibre which has promising potential as an alternative to replace woody materials. This study provides insight into the use of EFB as an alternative non-wood fibre resource in pulp and paper making. The potential of oil palm EFB transformed into valuable fibre material was elaborated. In this review, detailed information on the properties of EFB for pulp and paper making process to identify the chemical composition and fibre morphology were discussed. Recent advanced applications including nanocellulose from EFB, polymeric hydrogel, and antimicrobial papers were discussed to demonstrate high commercialization for pulp and paper technology. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has been employed due to the high complexity of paper products. The future trends and challenges regarding the use of EFB in pulp and paper making were also reviewed. This study demonstrated that the EFB has met the demand of the market chains as a potential raw material in paper making and manufacturing.

Semiebonites

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Fritz S. Rostler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract To summarize the principal results of the present investigation, it was found that whereas natural rubber is a poor raw material for the manufacture of semiebonite, butadiene-styrene and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers are suitable raw materials, especially in combination with unsaturated hydrocarbon extenders of the Naftolen type. The superiority of GR-S to natural rubber in the form of semiebonite should be an interesting piece of information for every compounder conscientious about the importance of keeping up the use and the manufacture of GR-S. With natural rubber becoming more and more available, there exists, as we all know, the definite danger that GR-S will be pushed into the background. As a matter of fact, we are approaching the situation where the supply of rubber hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic, will exceed the demand by multiples if new uses for rubber in large volume are not found. The increased use of rubber products in the building and construction industry and in road surfacing might provide such an outlet for rubber. Semiebonite with good aging qualities might find many uses along these lines. It might lend itself to the manufacture of floor coverings, of waterproof wall insulation, etc. The possibilities of using semiebonites from GR-S for tire beads has been suggested in a previously published article, but no detailed study comparing various rubbers has been reported. The primary purpose of this report is to present these basic data, which can be used as starting points for compound development and to point out that we have in the semiebonite range a possibility of using GR-S to advantage. As to butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, with which, in distinction to GR-S, very useful semihard rubber products can be made with phenolic resins, the medium sulfur range opens the possibility of making semiebonites which are easier to process and cheaper than resin combinations. The use of plastics in the rubber industry was recently discussed and summarized by Winkelmann. The compounding of semiebonites with Naftolen-type products offers a means of regulating the plasticity of the uncured stock as well as the elongation of the vulcanizate. Aging and prevention of sulfur bloom appear also improved. In other words, it was found that the combined use of 15 to 20 parts of sulfur with 15 to 50 parts of a Naftolen-type hydrocarbon gives a satisfactory semiebonite with GR-S, as well as with Hycar, and both these rubbers appear superior to natural rubber in semiebonites.

scholarly journals Valuation of Economic Utilization of Fish Processing Waste Patin (Pangasius Hypopthalmus) as an Added Value for Fish Processing Industry Players in the District Kampar, Riau

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marnis ◽  
Syahrul ◽  
Fitri ◽  
Mardayulis
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
Bone Powder ◽  
Food And Feed

At this time there is no productive enterprise specializing in the utilization of solid waste from the processing of catfish into industrial raw materials of food and fish feed. Chances are this is due to the unavailability of data and information adequate technical and economical. In order to meet the needs that the research was conducted. This study aimed to analyze the economic valuation of the utilization of industrial solid waste processing of catfish, the raw material of functional food and feed that meet the quality standards in accordance with the National Standards Indonnesia (SNI) as well as to determine on whether viable or not the establishment of the business of processing food and feed of waste solid results catfish processing household or industrial scale. This research was a laboratory scale experiments using technology that has undergone several modifications. The results showed that the technology is able to produce industrial raw materials in the form of Fish Protein Concentrate (KPI), fish oil, bone powder and pyloric caeca crude enzyme in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard. Judging from the environmental impact assessment and business analysis (Gross Benefit Cost Ratio = 1.15&gt; 1), amounting to 2,607 Profitabilty Ratio&gt; 1, and an IRR of 65.91&gt; 18%, then the utilization of solid waste business establishment catfish processing household scale feasible.

scholarly journals Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Applications of PLA Composites: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Eda Hazal Tümer ◽  
Husnu Yildirim Erbil
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.

scholarly journals Potential of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Resources in Nanocellulose Hydrogel Production for Versatile Applications: A Review

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil ◽  
Seng Hua Lee ◽  
Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun ◽  
Ching Hao Lee ◽  
Luqman Chuah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Future Direction

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is considered the cheapest natural fiber with good properties and exists abundantly in Malaysia. It has great potential as an alternative main raw material to substitute woody plants. On the other hand, the well-known polymeric hydrogel has gathered a lot of interest due to its three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked network with high porosity. However, some issues regarding its performance like poor interfacial connectivity and mechanical strength have been raised, hence nanocellulose has been introduced. In this review, the plantation of oil palm in Malaysia is discussed to show the potential of OPEFB as a nanocellulose material in hydrogel production. Nanocellulose can be categorized into three nano-structured celluloses, which differ in the processing method. The most popular nanocellulose hydrogel processing methods are included in this review. The 3D printing method is taking the lead in current hydrogel production due to its high complexity and the need for hygiene products. Some of the latest advanced applications are discussed to show the high commercialization potential of nanocellulose hydrogel products. The authors also considered the challenges and future direction of nanocellulose hydrogel. OPEFB has met the requirements of the marketplace and product value chains as nanocellulose raw materials in hydrogel applications.

scholarly journals High Performance of Enzymatic Bioprocess for Production of Biomassed-based Bioethanol of Sago Palm Fiber Waste

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Nani Harihastuti ◽  
Rame Rame ◽  
Silvy Djayanti
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Sago Palm

Biomass waste in the form of fiber dregs contains many components of lignocellulose and hemicellulose. Lignocellulose can be used to produce ethanol through enzymatic biotechnology processes. Sago palm fiber industry is one potential industry producing biomass waste in the form of solid waste of fiber dregs (about 30% from the weight of processed raw materials). Solid fiber waste contains crude fiber and lignocellulose compound consists of cellulose (35-50%), hemicellulose ( 20-35%) and lignin (12-20%). This study aimed to utilize solid waste of sago palm fiber as a raw material of bioethanol production through enzymatic biotechnology processes of delignification, saccharification and fermentation which was then purified by distillation process to get ethanol. Delignification,  saccharification, and fermentation stages are conducted using Phanerochaete chrysosporus Mushroom, Trichoderma viride fungus, and saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively and then purified by distillation process (one level) to produce ethanol. The process of saccharification and fermentation process were done in an integrated manner (addition of Trichoderma viride and yeast saccharomyces cereviceae fungi done simultaneously). The weight of raw materials of solid waste fiber treated was about 6 kgs. Alcohol content obtained was about ± 4% (distillation). No water, air, and soil pollution inflicted, more added value, and sustainable were the main benefits of biotech process or bioprocess.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document