scholarly journals A Portable Electromagnetic System Based on mm-Wave Radars and GNSS-RTK Solutions for 3D Scanning of Large Material Piles

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Humberto Fernández Álvarez ◽  
Guillermo Álvarez-Narciandi ◽  
María García-Fernández ◽  
Jaime Laviada ◽  
Yuri Álvarez López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Electromagnetic System ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Large Material

In this paper, a portable three-dimensional (3D) scanning system for the accurate characterization of large raw material (e.g., cereal grain, coal, etc.) stockpiles is presented. The system comprises an array of high resolution millimeter-wave radars and a cm-level accuracy positioning system to accurately characterize large stockpiles by means of a high-resolution 3D map, making it suitable for automation purposes. A control unit manages the data received by the sensors, which are sent to a computer system for processing. As a proof of concept, the entire sensor system is evaluated in a real environment for electromagnetically scan a scaled stockpile of coal, used in the industry for handling raw materials. In addition, a highly efficient processing adaptive algorithm that may reconstruct the scanned structure in real-time has been introduced, enabling continuous dynamic updating of the information. Results are compared with those from a photogrammetry-like technique, revealing an excellent agreement.

Complex 3D Measuring by Multiple Laser Scanning of Automotive Parts

2013 ◽  
Vol 837 ◽  
pp. 511-516
Author(s):  
Adrian Catalin Voicu ◽  
Gheorghe I. Gheorghe
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Correct Choice ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Graph Representation ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Virtual Design

For over 20 years the term"three-dimensional scan"(3D) showed the world the possibilities of virtual design, simulation, or reverse engineering. 3D scanning is also known as 3D digitizing, the name coming from the fact that this is a process that uses a contact or non-contact digitizing probe to capture the objects form and recreate them in a virtual workspace through a very dense network of points (xyz) as a 3D graph representation. Until recently, digitization was limited by the speed of the scan head and the correct choice of the probing system, type of scanned piece and budget for the purchase or develops the scanning system. With the evolution of technology appeared a number of new techniques that tend to improve the properties of classical methods. Even if intended for copying or geometrical control, or rather virtual geometric modelling or product realization, there are two groups of technologies: with contact (classical methods with probes) or without contact (laser, optical or combination). Most automotive manufacturers currently use 3D scan metrology based on optical or laser systems to validate products quality. The pieces are initially measured by 3D scanning then they are compared with the designed model (CAD file) using a specialized software. By this comparison producer can interfere very quickly in the manufacturing process to remove the cause of defects, this technique being called Reverse Engineering (RE). There are many variables that affect accuracy of laser scanning and therefore the quality of information: reflectance of surface, colour object, recesses, openings narrow and sharp edges can be difficult to scan. This accuracy may vary from micron to millimetre and the acquisitions size from a few points to several thousand points per second. The overall accuracy of a 3D acquisition system depends above all on the sensors precision and on the acquisition device (acquisition with contact) or acquisition structure (acquisition without contact). In a perfect world or in an integrated production environment, 3D measuring systems should be able to measure all the necessary parameters in a single step without errors, and to render the results in the same way to the manufacturing networks equipped with computers, in formats useful for machines control and processes management.

scholarly journals Pulp and paper production from oil palm empty fruit bunches: A current direction in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Paper Making

The pulp and paper industry is advanced rapidly since there are many types of raw materials containing cellulose fibres that could be used to produce different kinds of paper by different methods in the mills. In Malaysia, one of the abundant non-wood materials for pulp and paper production is empty fruit bunch (EFB) from the oil palm. The EFB is the main fibrous residue and natural fibre which has promising potential as an alternative to replace woody materials. This study provides insight into the use of EFB as an alternative non-wood fibre resource in pulp and paper making. The potential of oil palm EFB transformed into valuable fibre material was elaborated. In this review, detailed information on the properties of EFB for pulp and paper making process to identify the chemical composition and fibre morphology were discussed. Recent advanced applications including nanocellulose from EFB, polymeric hydrogel, and antimicrobial papers were discussed to demonstrate high commercialization for pulp and paper technology. The three-dimensional (3D) printing technique has been employed due to the high complexity of paper products. The future trends and challenges regarding the use of EFB in pulp and paper making were also reviewed. This study demonstrated that the EFB has met the demand of the market chains as a potential raw material in paper making and manufacturing.

scholarly journals Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Applications of PLA Composites: A Review

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 390
Author(s):  
Eda Hazal Tümer ◽  
Husnu Yildirim Erbil
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Bone Repair ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Fused Deposition

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.

scholarly journals Potential of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Resources in Nanocellulose Hydrogel Production for Versatile Applications: A Review

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Nadia Mohammad Padzil ◽  
Seng Hua Lee ◽  
Zuriyati Mohamed Asa’ari Ainun ◽  
Ching Hao Lee ◽  
Luqman Chuah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Future Direction

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is considered the cheapest natural fiber with good properties and exists abundantly in Malaysia. It has great potential as an alternative main raw material to substitute woody plants. On the other hand, the well-known polymeric hydrogel has gathered a lot of interest due to its three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked network with high porosity. However, some issues regarding its performance like poor interfacial connectivity and mechanical strength have been raised, hence nanocellulose has been introduced. In this review, the plantation of oil palm in Malaysia is discussed to show the potential of OPEFB as a nanocellulose material in hydrogel production. Nanocellulose can be categorized into three nano-structured celluloses, which differ in the processing method. The most popular nanocellulose hydrogel processing methods are included in this review. The 3D printing method is taking the lead in current hydrogel production due to its high complexity and the need for hygiene products. Some of the latest advanced applications are discussed to show the high commercialization potential of nanocellulose hydrogel products. The authors also considered the challenges and future direction of nanocellulose hydrogel. OPEFB has met the requirements of the marketplace and product value chains as nanocellulose raw materials in hydrogel applications.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE VIRTUAL PROTOTYPING VALIDITY – SIMULATION OF GARMENT DRAPE

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 448-458
Author(s):  
Eva Lapkovska ◽  
Inga Dabolina
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Virtual Prototyping ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Clothing Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Virtual Prototypes ◽  
System Properties

Achievement of desired garment form is essential in the development of clothing design, which depends on properties of its raw material - mainly fabric. Virtual prototyping can serve as a tool for assessing the form and fit of garments before real production and deciding whether to make changes in ease values, pattern cut or fabric parameters. The aim of the study is investigation of reliability of virtual prototyping results using Modaris 3D (Lectra) due to influences of changeable fabric parameters on garment drape effects, as well as verifiability with three-dimensional (3D) scanning (Vitus Smart XXL®) of real products. For the research half-circle cut skirt designed in appropriate size for standard figure dummy. Skirt virtually simulated on mannequin which previously scanned and imported into the system. Properties of three different types of fabrics examined in a material testing laboratory according to requirements of relevant standards. Skirt virtually tried-on defining fabric properties by gained testing results and afterwards made from real fabrics, put on the dummy and scanned. Drape effects of the various virtual prototypes and real product scans compared, both in the CAD system and the scanning system (Anthroscan) using cross-sections and their measurements (depths and diameters of folds, circumferences). Fabric parameters has an influence on the reliability of virtual prototyping results in terms of accuracy of parameters determined and put into the system. Cross-sections with measurements reveal differences between virtually sewn and real skirt drape configurations.

tTEM — A towed transient electromagnetic system for detailed 3D imaging of the top 70 m of the subsurface

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. E13-E22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esben Auken ◽  
Nikolaj Foged ◽  
Jakob Juul Larsen ◽  
Knud Valdemar Trøllund Lassen ◽  
Pradip Kumar Maurya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Aquifer Vulnerability ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Electromagnetic System ◽  
Aquifer Storage ◽  
Transient Electromagnetic ◽  
Subsurface Layers

There is a growing need for detailed investigation of the top 30–50 m of the subsurface, which is critical for infrastructure, water supply, aquifer storage and recovery, farming, waste deposits, and construction. Existing geophysical methods are capable of imaging this zone; however, they have limited efficiency when it comes to creating full 3D images with high resolution over dozens to hundreds of hectares. We have developed a new and highly efficient towed transient electromagnetic (tTEM) system, which is capable of imaging the subsurface up to depth of 70 m at a high resolution, horizontally and vertically. Towed by an all-terrain vehicle, the system uses a [Formula: see text] transmitter coil and has a [Formula: see text]-component receiver placed at 9 m offset from the transmitter. The tTEM uses dual transmitter moment (low and high moment) measurement sequence to obtain the early and late time gates corresponding to shallow and deep information about the subsurface layers. The first bias-free gate is as early as [Formula: see text] from beginning of the ramp ([Formula: see text] after end of ramp). Data are processed and inverted using methods directly adopted from airborne electromagnetics. The system has been successfully used in Denmark for various purposes, e.g., mapping raw materials, investigating contaminated sites, and assessing aquifer vulnerability. We have also used the tTEM system in the Central Valley of California (United States) for locating artificial recharge sites and in the Mississippi Delta region, to map complex subsurface geology in great detail for building hydrogeologic models.

scholarly journals Selection of Tanned-Leather Waste in Recovering Novel Raw Material for Manufacturing Rubber Artifacts: Towards a Zero-Waste Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 5374
Author(s):  
Gennaro Bufalo ◽  
Bruno Molino ◽  
Luigi Ambrosone
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Zero Waste ◽  
Leather Waste ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Mechanical Performances

Zero-waste is an ambitious goal to encourage sustainable production, consumption optimum recycling and resource recovery. The recycling and resource recovery of chrome-tanned leather waste is a difficult proposition because of the three-dimensional chemical network of collagen, which renders leather waste incompatible to polymer matrices. Many attempts have been undertaken to reuse leather waste, most of them require technological processes and challenging chemical pretreatments, which make the reuse an economically disadvantageous industrial operation. The paper aims to show how a very fine separation of leather solid waste leads to raw materials suitable for mixtures with natural rubber, without any chemical pretreatment. In other words, the paper intends to be a stimulus to manage leather solid waste carefully to start a cleaner and more profitable production. In particular, various industrial compounds containing different concentrations of post-tanning dyeing, or chrome shaving or oil-tanning and natural rubber were vulcanized through a standard preparation. Some compounds were also reinforced with carbon black and the vulcanization kinetics were monitored through rheometer. Experimental results indicate that there exists an optimal concentration of waste such that post-tanning dyeing post-tanning and chrome shaving are suitable for manufacture floor mats, soles and heels while oil-tanning waste can be used for making hose or conveyor belts. The mechanical performances of the articles prepared by direct mixing with leather waste are the same as those of commercially distributed rubber products.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

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