scholarly journals Cancer Development and Damped Electromagnetic Activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1826
Author(s):  
Jiří Pokorný ◽  
Jan Pokorný ◽  
Jitka Kobilková ◽  
Anna Jandová ◽  
Robert Holaj
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Central Process ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Interdisciplinary Framework ◽  
Reverse Warburg Effect ◽  
Ordered Water

Cancer can be initiated in a cell or a fibroblast by short-circuiting of the cellular electromagnetic field by various fibers, parasitic energy consumption, virus infections, and mitochondrial defects, leading to a damped cellular electromagnetic field. Except short-circuiting (e.g., by asbestos fibers), the central process is mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells (the Warburg effect) or in fibroblasts associated with a cancer cell (the reverse Warburg effect), critically lowered respiration, reversed polarity of the ordered water layers around mitochondria, and damped electromagnetic activity of the affected cells. Frequency and power changes of the generated electromagnetic field result in broken communication between cells and possibly in reduced control over chemical reactions, with an increased probability of random genome mutations. An interdisciplinary framework of phenomena related to cancer development is presented, with special attention to the causes and consequences of disturbed cellular electromagnetic activity. Our framework extends the current knowledge of carcinogenesis, to clarify yet unexplained phenomena leading to genome mutation and cancer initiation.

scholarly journals Targeting Mitochondria for Cancer Treatment – Two Types of Mitochondrial Dysfunction

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 104-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Pokorný ◽  
Jan Pokorný ◽  
Jitka Kobilková ◽  
Anna Jandová ◽  
Jan Vrba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Frequency Spectra ◽  
Reverse Warburg Effect ◽  
Ordered Water

Two basic types of cancers were identified – those with the mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells (the Warburg effect) or in fibroblasts supplying energy rich metabolites to a cancer cell with functional mitochondria (the reverse Warburg effect). Inner membrane potential of the functional and dysfunctional mitochondria measured by fluorescent dyes (e.g. by Rhodamine 123) displays low and high values (apparent potential), respectively, which is in contrast to the level of oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction (full function) results in reduced (high) oxidative metabolism, low (high) real membrane potential, a simple layer (two layers) of transported protons around mitochondria, and high (low) damping of microtubule electric polar vibrations. Crucial modifications are caused by ordered water layer (exclusion zone). For the high oxidative metabolism one proton layer is at the mitochondrial membrane and the other at the outer rim of the ordered water layer. High and low damping of electric polar vibrations results in decreased and increased electromagnetic activity in cancer cells with the normal and the reverse Warburg effect, respectively. Due to nonlinear properties the electromagnetic frequency spectra of cancer cells and transformed fibroblasts are shifted in directions corresponding to their power deviations resulting in disturbances of interactions and escape from tissue control. The cancer cells and fibroblasts of the reverse Warburg effect tumors display frequency shifts in mutually opposite directions resulting in early generalization. High oxidative metabolism conditions high aggressiveness. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a gate to malignancy along the cancer transformation pathway, forms a narrow neck which could be convenient for cancer treatment.

scholarly journals The Reverse Warburg Effect Is Associated with Fbp2-Dependent Hif1α Regulation in Cancer Cells Stimulated by Fibroblasts

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Duda ◽  
Jakub Janczara ◽  
James A. McCubrey ◽  
Agnieszka Gizak ◽  
Dariusz Rakus
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Treatment Resistance ◽  
Lung Cancer Cells ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Metabolic Conditions ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Lactate And Pyruvate ◽  
Reverse Warburg Effect

Fibroblasts are important contributors to cancer development. They create a tumor microenvironment and modulate our metabolism and treatment resistance. In the present paper, we demonstrate that healthy fibroblasts induce metabolic coupling with non-small cell lung cancer cells by down-regulating the expression of glycolytic enzymes in cancer cells and increasing the fibroblasts’ ability to release lactate and thus support cancer cells with energy-rich glucose-derived metabolites, such as lactate and pyruvate—a process known as the reverse Warburg effect. We demonstrate that these changes result from a fibroblasts-stimulated increase in the expression of fructose bisphosphatase (Fbp) in cancer cells and the consequent modulation of Hif1α function. We show that, in contrast to current beliefs, in lung cancer cells, the predominant and strong interaction with the Hif1α form of Fbp is not the liver (Fbp1) but in the muscle (Fbp2) isoform. Since Fbp2 oligomerization state and thus, its role is regulated by AMP and NAD+—crucial indicators of cellular metabolic conditions—we hypothesize that the Hif1α-dependent regulation of the metabolism in cancer is modulated through Fbp2, a sensor of the energy and redox state of a cell.

scholarly journals Is the Small Size of a Breast Cancer Tumor the Crucial Point for Successful Medical Treatment?

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Marie Strunová ◽  
David Pavlišta ◽  
Jitka Kobilková ◽  
Jiří Pokorný ◽  
Miloslav Janoušek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Warburg Effect ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Reverse Warburg Effect

The presented case displays a clinical study of a cancer phenotype with a poor clinical outcome. Prediction of cancer development and effects of treatment at the beginning of the clinical stage is difficult as the knowledge of cancer process and all necessary parameters of the host body are limited. Cancer is mainly studied on the basis of biochemical-genetic processes and their morphological manifestation. However, the malignant process is assumed to be of essential biophysical nature and develops after mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a direct result of oncogene mutation. Cancers based on the normal and the reverse Warburg effect should be distinguished. The cancer tumors with the reverse Warburg effect display aggressiveness associated with a high rate of recurrence and metastatic implantation. Besides the nature of the two basic types of breast cancer tumors the outcome depends not only on their type, size, and site but also on reactions and interaction with the surrounding tissue and the body aptitude for metastatic activity connected with individual blood or lymphatic vessels for metastatic transport. It is necessary to assess all favourable and adverse factors for cancer development. General reliable method of their specification for all cancers is not available. Nevertheless, the main factor seems to be aggressiveness of cancer cells as follows from interpretation. To reveal the aggressive reverse Warburg effect tumors, metabolic biomarkers of the fibroblast stress should be examined.

Community dynamics in highland watersheds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Jacobsen ◽  
Olivier Dangles
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Community Organization ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Spatial Variables ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Local Extinctions ◽  
Metacommunity Dynamics ◽  
Natural Communities

Chapter 6 presents the interaction between space and time in determining the organization of natural communities in high altitude heterogeneous waterscapes. After explaining why high altitude waters represent suitable models for examining metacommunity organization, the chapter focuses on dispersal—a central process to allow colonization and establishment of populations in remote localities and to counter local extinctions. Community organization patterns are then described for a variety of organisms living in high altitude waters, from microbes to invertebrates to fish and birds. These patterns reveal that both environmental and spatial variables are generally involved in species assembling. Examples of studies on directional spatial processes (e.g. through wind and water flow), waterscape genetics, and temporal variability (synchrony/asynchrony) are highlighted as promising research areas to increase the current knowledge on high altitude metacommunity dynamics.

scholarly journals Sporulation in solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamou Diallo ◽  
Servé W. M. Kengen ◽  
Ana M. López-Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Biotechnological Production ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Sporulation Initiation ◽  
Solventogenic Clostridia

AbstractThe Clostridium genus harbors compelling organisms for biotechnological production processes; while acetogenic clostridia can fix C1-compounds to produce acetate and ethanol, solventogenic clostridia can utilize a wide range of carbon sources to produce commercially valuable carboxylic acids, alcohols, and ketones by fermentation. Despite their potential, the conversion by these bacteria of carbohydrates or C1 compounds to alcohols is not cost-effective enough to result in economically viable processes. Engineering solventogenic clostridia by impairing sporulation is one of the investigated approaches to improve solvent productivity. Sporulation is a cell differentiation process triggered in bacteria in response to exposure to environmental stressors. The generated spores are metabolically inactive but resistant to harsh conditions (UV, chemicals, heat, oxygen). In Firmicutes, sporulation has been mainly studied in bacilli and pathogenic clostridia, and our knowledge of sporulation in solvent-producing or acetogenic clostridia is limited. Still, sporulation is an integral part of the cellular physiology of clostridia; thus, understanding the regulation of sporulation and its connection to solvent production may give clues to improve the performance of solventogenic clostridia. This review aims to provide an overview of the triggers, characteristics, and regulatory mechanism of sporulation in solventogenic clostridia. Those are further compared to the current knowledge on sporulation in the industrially relevant acetogenic clostridia. Finally, the potential applications of spores for process improvement are discussed.Key Points• The regulatory network governing sporulation initiation varies in solventogenic clostridia.• Media composition and cell density are the main triggers of sporulation.• Spores can be used to improve the fermentation process.

scholarly journals Viral strategies of manipulating autophagy to benefit infection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Him Wong ◽  
Sumana Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Rna Virus ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Intracellular Pathogens ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Central Process ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Cellular Defence ◽  
Host Metabolism ◽  
Fine Tune

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved central process in host metabolism. Among its major functions are conservation of energy during starvation, recycling organelles, and turnover of long-lived proteins. Besides, autophagy plays a critical role in removing intracellular pathogens and very likely represents a primordial intrinsic cellular defence mechanism. More recent findings indicate that it has not only retained its ability to degrade intracellular pathogens, but also functions to augment and fine tune antiviral immune responses. Interestingly, viruses have also co-evolved strategies to manipulate this pathway and use it to their advantage. Particularly intriguing is infection-dependent activation of autophagy with positive stranded (+)RNA virus infections, which benefit from the pathway without succumbing to lysosomal degradation. In this review we summarise recent data on viral manipulation of autophagy, with a particular emphasis on +RNA viruses and highlight key unanswered questions in the field that we believe merit further attention.

Pathophysiology of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: emphasis on CDX2 regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Barros ◽  
Vânia Camilo ◽  
Bruno Pereira ◽  
Jean-Noel Freund ◽  
Leonor David ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Intestinal Metaplasia ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Neoplastic Lesion ◽  
Increased Risk

IM (intestinal metaplasia) of the stomach is a pre-neoplastic lesion that usually follows Helicobacter pylori infection and that confers increased risk for gastric cancer development. After setting the role played by CDX2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) in the establishment of gastric IM, it became of foremost importance to unravel the regulatory mechanisms behind its de novo expression in the stomach. In the present paper, we review the basic pathology of gastric IM as well as the current knowledge on molecular pathways involved in CDX2 regulation in the gastric context.

Lung epithelial NOX/DUOX and respiratory virus infections

2014 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Grandvaux ◽  
Mélissa Mariani ◽  
Karin Fink
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Virus ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Respiratory Virus Infections

Determining the role of NADPH oxidases in the context of virus infection is an emerging area of research and our knowledge is still sparse. The expression of various isoforms of NOX/DUOX (NADPH oxidase/dual oxidase) in the epithelial cells (ECs) lining the respiratory tract renders them primary sites from which to orchestrate the host defence against respiratory viruses. Accumulating evidence reveals distinct facets of the involvement of NOX/DUOX in host antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses and in the control of the epithelial barrier integrity, with individual isoforms mediating co-operative, but surprisingly also opposing, functions. Although in vivo studies in mice are in line with some of these observations, a complete understanding of the specific functions of epithelial NOX/DUOX awaits lung epithelial-specific conditional knockout mice. The goal of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge of the role of individual NOX/DUOX isoforms expressed in the lung epithelium in the context of respiratory virus infections so as to highlight potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals Role of RNF20 in cancer development and progression – a comprehensive review

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Sethi ◽  
Muthu K. Shanmugam ◽  
Frank Arfuso ◽  
Alan Prem Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Strand Break ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Transcriptional Elongation ◽  
Histone H2a ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Suppressor Activity

Evolving strategies to counter cancer initiation and progression rely on the identification of novel therapeutic targets that exploit the aberrant genetic changes driving oncogenesis. Several chromatin associated enzymes have been shown to influence post-translational modification (PTM) in DNA, histones, and non-histone proteins. Any deregulation of this core group of enzymes often leads to cancer development. Ubiquitylation of histone H2B in mammalian cells was identified over three decades ago. An exciting really interesting new gene (RING) family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, known as RNF20 and RNF40, monoubiquitinates histone H2A at K119 or H2B at K120, is known to function in transcriptional elongation, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair processes, maintenance of chromatin differentiation, and exerting tumor suppressor activity. RNF20 is somatically altered in breast, lung, prostate cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and mixed lineage leukemia, and its reduced expression is a key factor in initiating genome instability; and it also functions as one of the significant driving factors of oncogenesis. Loss of RNF20/40 and H2B monoubiquitination (H2Bub1) is found in several cancers and is linked to an aggressive phenotype, and is also an indicator of poor prognosis. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of RNF20 in chronic inflammation-driven cancers, DNA DSBs, and apoptosis, and its impact on chromatin structure beyond the single nucleosome level.

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