scholarly journals Spermidine Induces Expression of Stress Associated Proteins (SAPs) Genes and Protects Rice Seed from Heat Stress-Induced Damage during Grain-Filling

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1544
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Yuying Fu ◽  
Qingshan Mou ◽  
Jianyu An ◽  
Xiaobo Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Heat stress during seed maturation significantly reduced seed size and quality. Polyamines, especially spermidine (Spd), were reported to be closely related to seed development and plant heat tolerance. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) also played a critical role in plant heat resistance, but the relationship between Spd and SAPs in improving rice tolerance to heat stress during grain filling has not been reported. Our results showed that the external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control. OsSAP5 was the most upregulated expression induced by Spd, and may be mainly involved in the Spd-mediated enhancement of high-temperature resistance during rice seed development. Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis enhanced 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistance. Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination. In all, exogenous Spd alleviated the heat damage on seed quality during the grain filling stage and seed germination stage by improving endogenous Spd and Spm. OsSAP5, a key gene induced by Spd, might be involved in the rice heat resistance and seed quality in coordination with Spd and Spm.

scholarly journals The expression of the gene associated with β-glucan content, β-amylase and limit dextrinase synthesis as affected by post-heading heat stress in barley

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjing Ni ◽  
Huifang Zhao ◽  
Guoping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Malt Quality ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Limit Dextrinase ◽  
Malt Barley ◽  
Grain Filling Stage ◽  
Barley Genotypes

Abstract Background: Malt barley shows a dramatic deterioration of malt quality when exposed to heat or high temperature stress during grain-filling stage (post heading), and global change results in the more frequent occurrence of high temperature, posing a severe threat to high-quality malt barley production. In a previous study, we found heat stress during grain-filling stage caused the significant reduction of kernel weight, and the significant increase of protein and β-glucan content, and β-amylase and limit dextrinase (LD) activities, and the effect varied with barley genotypes and the time of heat stress exposure.Results: In this study, we determined the relative expressions of HvCslF6 and HvCslF9 for β-glucan, HvBmy1 for β-amylase and LD gene for limit dextrinase of two barley cultivars（ZU9 and Hua30）under the two heat stress (HS) treatments (32/26℃, day/night), initiated from the 7th day (early grain-filling stage) and the14th day (middle grain-filling stage) after heading. In comparison with normal temperature (24/18℃, day/night), HS treatments significantly up-regulated the relative expression of all four genes, and Hua30 being larger than ZU9. The change pattern of each examined gene for the two barley genotypes under heat stress treatments is completely consistent with that of corresponding malt quality trait as affected by heat stress.Conclusion: The results indicate that the enhancement of β-glucan content, and β-amylase and limit dextrinase activities under high temperature during grain filling stage is at least in part attributed to increased expression of the relevant genes.

Effect of heat stress during seed development and maturation on wheat (Triticum durum) seed quality. I. Seed germination and seedling vigor

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Grass ◽  
J. S. Burris
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Two wheat cultivars, Marzak and Oum-rabia, were subjected to three temperature regimes (20/15, 28/21, 36/29 °C) beginning 10 d after anthesis to maturity. As expected, high temperature resulted in low values of both seed yield and physical traits of seed quality. The effect of temperature on seed germination was not consistent among the two cultivars. High temperature during seed development and maturity had no effect on seed germination of Oum-rabia, whereas it decreased seed germination of Marzak. In contrast to seed germination, seed vigor was adversely affected by heat stress. This decline in seed vigor was reflected in reduced shoot and root dry weight, increased shoot/root ratio, reduced root length, low root number per seedling, and high seed conductivity. Excised embryo culture showed marked differences in the embryo growth potential. Although embryos from all treatments had germinated, a delay of 24–48 h was observed in the germination of embryos excised from seeds grown under high temperature conditions. Also, their shoot and radicle development over time lagged behind that of embryos isolated from seeds grown under cool temperature conditions. Exposing seeds to high temperature during development and maturity also resulted in low embryo oxygen uptake. Results presented in this study show that the growing conditions, in this instance temperature, of the parent plant affect the quality of its seed. Key words: Embryo, germination, oxygen uptake, vigor, wheat, high temperature

scholarly journals Comparison of photosynthetic activity and heat tolerance between near isogenic lines of wheat with different photosynthetic rates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0255896
Author(s):  
Chongyang Li ◽  
Mingyang Ma ◽  
Tianpeng Zhang ◽  
Pengwen Feng ◽  
Xiao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Calvin Cycle ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Photosynthetic Rates ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Filling Stage ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, but the yield and quality of wheat are highly susceptible to heat stress, especially during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, it is crucial to select high-yield and high-temperature-resistant varieties for food cultivation. There is a positive correlation between the yield and photosynthetic rate of wheat during the entire grain-filling stage, but few studies have shown that lines with high photosynthetic rates can maintain higher thermotolerance at the same time. In this study, two pairs of wheat near isogenic lines (NILs) with different photosynthetic rates were used for all experiments. Our results indicated that under heat stress, lines with a high photosynthetic rate could maintain the activities of photosystem II (PSII) and key Calvin cycle enzymes in addition to their higher photosynthetic rates. The protein levels of D1 and HSP70 were significantly increased in the highly photosynthetic lines, which contributed to maintaining high photosynthetic rates and ensuring the stability of the Calvin cycle under heat stress. Furthermore, we found that lines with a high photosynthetic rate could maintain high antioxidant enzyme activity to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduce ROS accumulation better than lines with a low photosynthetic rate under high-temperature stress. These findings suggest that lines with high photosynthetic rates can maintain a higher photosynthetic rate despite heat stress and are more thermotolerant than lines with low photosynthetic rates.

scholarly journals Spermidine Enhances Heat Tolerance of Rice Seeds by Modulating Endogenous Starch and Polyamine Metabolism

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Fu ◽  
Qingqing Gu ◽  
Qian Dong ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Cheng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Spermine Synthase

Polyamines have been reported to be involved in grain filling and they might contribute to the construction of heat resistance of some cereals. In this study, the hybrid rice ‘YLY 689’ was used to explore the possible effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on seed quality under high temperature during the filling stage. Rice spikes were treated with Spd or its synthesis inhibitor cyclohexylamine (CHA) after pollination, and then the rice plants were transferred to 40 °C for 5-day heat treatment. The results showed that, compared with the control under high temperature, Spd pretreatment significantly improved the germination percentage, germination index, vigor index, seedling shoot height, and dry weight of seeds harvested at 35 days after pollination, while the CHA significantly decreased the seed germination and seedling growth. Meanwhile, Spd significantly increased the peroxidase (POD) activity and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in seeds. In addition, after spraying with Spd, the endogenous content of spermidine and spermine and the expression of their synthetic genes, spermidine synthase (SPDSYN) and spermine synthase (SPMS1 and SPMS2), significantly increased, whereas the accumulation of amylose and total starch and the expression of their related synthase genes, soluble starch synthase II-3 (SS II-3) and granules bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), also increased to some extent. The data suggests that exogenous Spd pretreatment could alleviate the negative impacts of high temperature stress on rice seed grain filling and improve the rice seed quality to some extent, which might be partly caused by up-regulating endogenous polyamines and starch metabolism.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaHMW1D Transcript Variants Are Highly Expressed in Response to Heat Stress and in Grains Located in Distal Part of the Spike

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Chan Seop Ko ◽  
Jin-Baek Kim ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
Yong Weon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Transcript Variants

High-temperature stress during the grain filling stage has a deleterious effect on grain yield and end-use quality. Plants undergo various transcriptional events of protein complexity as defensive responses to various stressors. The “Keumgang” wheat cultivar was subjected to high-temperature stress for 6 and 10 days beginning 9 days after anthesis, then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide analyses were performed. Spots showing decreased contents in stressed plants were shown to have strong similarities with a high-molecular glutenin gene, TraesCS1D02G317301 (TaHMW1D). QRT-PCR results confirmed that TaHMW1D was expressed in its full form and in the form of four different transcript variants. These events always occurred between repetitive regions at specific deletion sites (5′-CAA (Glutamine) GG/TG (Glycine) or (Valine)-3′, 5′-GGG (Glycine) CAA (Glutamine) -3′) in an exonic region. Heat stress led to a significant increase in the expression of the transcript variants. This was most evident in the distal parts of the spike. Considering the importance of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits of seed storage proteins, stressed plants might choose shorter polypeptides while retaining glutenin function, thus maintaining the expression of glutenin motifs and conserved sites.

Effect of Timing of Heat Stress During Grain Filling on Two Wheat Varieties Differing in Heat Tolerance. II. Fractional Protein Accumulation

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Stone ◽  
ME Nicolas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Grain Filling Period ◽  
Very High

Short periods of very high temperature (> 35�C) are common during the grain filling period of wheat, and can significantly alter mature protein composition and consequently grain quality. This study was designed to determine the stage of grain growth at which fractional protein accumulation is most sensitive to a short heat stress, and to examine whether varietal differences in heat tolerance are expressed consistently throughout the grain filling period. Two varieties of wheat differing in heat tolerance (cvv. Egret and Oxley, tolerant and sensitive, respectively) were exposed to a short (5 day) period of very high temperature (40�C max, for 6 h each day) at 5-day intervals throughout grain filling, from 15 to 50 days after anthesis. Grain samples were taken throughout grain growth and analysed for protein content and composition (albumin/globulin, monomer, SDS-soluble polymer and SDS-insoluble polymer) using size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The timing of heat stress exerted a significant influence on the accumulation of total wheat protein and its fractions, and protein fractions differed in their responses to the timing of heat stress. Furthermore, wheat genotype influenced both the sensitivity of fractional protein accumulation to heat stress and the stage during grain filling at which maximum sensitivity to heat stress occurred.

Heat stress effects on source–sink relationships and metabolome dynamics in wheat

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 543-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Abdelrahman ◽  
David J Burritt ◽  
Aarti Gupta ◽  
Hisashi Tsujimoto ◽  
Lam-Son Phan Tran
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Source Sink

Abstract Crops such as wheat (Triticum spp.) are predicted to face more frequent exposures to heat stress as a result of climate change. Increasing the yield and sustainability of yield under such stressful conditions has long been a major target of wheat breeding, and this goal is becoming increasingly urgent as the global population increases. Exposure of wheat plants in their reproductive or grain-filling stage to high temperature affects the duration and rate of grain filling, and hence has a negative impact on wheat productivity. Therefore, understanding the plasticity of the response to heat stress that exists between wheat genotypes, especially in source–sink relationships at the reproductive and grain-filling stages, is critical for the selection of germplasm that can maintain high yields under heat stress. A broad understanding of metabolic dynamics and the relationships between metabolism and heat tolerance is required in order to achieve this goal. Here, we review the current literature concerning the effects of heat stress on sink–source relationships in a wide range of wheat genotypes, and highlight the current metabolomic approaches that are used to investigate high temperature responses in wheat.

scholarly journals Mechanism of delayed seed germination caused by high temperature during grain filling in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chetphilin Suriyasak ◽  
Yui Oyama ◽  
Toshiaki Ishida ◽  
Kiyoshi Mashiguchi ◽  
Shinjiro Yamaguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Aba Catabolism ◽  
Amylase Genes ◽  
Transcriptional Changes

Abstract High temperature during grain filling considerably reduces yield and quality in rice (Oryza sativa L.); however, how high temperature affects seed germination of the next generation is not yet well understood. Here, we report that seeds from plants exposed to high temperature during the grain filling stage germinated significantly later than seeds from unstressed plants. This delay remained even after dormancy release treatments, suggesting that it was not due to primary seed dormancy determined during grain filling. In imbibed embryos of heat-stressed seeds, expression of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes (OsNCEDs) was higher than in those of control seeds, whereas that of ABA catabolism genes (OsABA8′OHs) was lower. In the aleurone layer, despite no change in GA signaling as evidenced by no effect of heat stress on OsGAMYB gene expression, the transcripts of α-amylase genes OsAmy1C, OsAmy3B, and OsAmy3E were significantly down-regulated in heat-stressed seeds in comparison with controls. Changes in promoter methylation levels were consistent with transcriptional changes of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase genes. These data suggest that high temperature during grain filling results in DNA methylation of ABA catabolism-related and α-amylase gene promoters, delaying germination of heat-stressed seeds.

scholarly journals Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2 Are Involved in Grain Filling and Seed Germination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolore Adijat Ajadi ◽  
Xiaohong Tong ◽  
Huimei Wang ◽  
Juan Zhao ◽  
Liqun Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Cell Cycles ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Dependent Protein

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors known as KRPs (kip-related proteins) control the progression of plant cell cycles and modulate various plant developmental processes. However, the function of KRPs in rice remains largely unknown. In this study, two rice KRPs members, KRP1 and KRP2, were found to be predominantly expressed in developing seeds and were significantly induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) applications. Sub-cellular localization experiments showed that KRP1 was mainly localized in the nucleus of rice protoplasts. KRP1 overexpression transgenic lines (OxKRP1), krp2 single mutant (crkrp2), and krp1/krp2 double mutant (crkrp1/krp2) all exhibited significantly smaller seed width, seed length, and reduced grain weight, with impaired seed germination and retarded early seedling growth, suggesting that disturbing the normal steady state of KRP1 or KRP2 blocks seed development partly through inhibiting cell proliferation and enlargement during grain filling and seed germination. Furthermore, two cyclin-dependent protein kinases, CDKC;2 and CDKF;3, could interact with KRP1 in a yeast-two-hybrid system, indicating that KRP1 might regulate the mitosis cell cycle and endoreduplication through the two targets. In a word, this study shed novel insights into the regulatory roles of KRPs in rice seed maturation and germination.

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