scholarly journals Spermidine Enhances Heat Tolerance of Rice Seeds by Modulating Endogenous Starch and Polyamine Metabolism

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuying Fu ◽  
Qingqing Gu ◽  
Qian Dong ◽  
Zhihao Zhang ◽  
Cheng Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Spermine Synthase

Polyamines have been reported to be involved in grain filling and they might contribute to the construction of heat resistance of some cereals. In this study, the hybrid rice ‘YLY 689’ was used to explore the possible effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on seed quality under high temperature during the filling stage. Rice spikes were treated with Spd or its synthesis inhibitor cyclohexylamine (CHA) after pollination, and then the rice plants were transferred to 40 °C for 5-day heat treatment. The results showed that, compared with the control under high temperature, Spd pretreatment significantly improved the germination percentage, germination index, vigor index, seedling shoot height, and dry weight of seeds harvested at 35 days after pollination, while the CHA significantly decreased the seed germination and seedling growth. Meanwhile, Spd significantly increased the peroxidase (POD) activity and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in seeds. In addition, after spraying with Spd, the endogenous content of spermidine and spermine and the expression of their synthetic genes, spermidine synthase (SPDSYN) and spermine synthase (SPMS1 and SPMS2), significantly increased, whereas the accumulation of amylose and total starch and the expression of their related synthase genes, soluble starch synthase II-3 (SS II-3) and granules bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), also increased to some extent. The data suggests that exogenous Spd pretreatment could alleviate the negative impacts of high temperature stress on rice seed grain filling and improve the rice seed quality to some extent, which might be partly caused by up-regulating endogenous polyamines and starch metabolism.

scholarly journals Spermidine Induces Expression of Stress Associated Proteins (SAPs) Genes and Protects Rice Seed from Heat Stress-Induced Damage during Grain-Filling

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1544
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Yuying Fu ◽  
Qingshan Mou ◽  
Jianyu An ◽  
Xiaobo Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Mda Content ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

Heat stress during seed maturation significantly reduced seed size and quality. Polyamines, especially spermidine (Spd), were reported to be closely related to seed development and plant heat tolerance. Stress-associated proteins (SAPs) also played a critical role in plant heat resistance, but the relationship between Spd and SAPs in improving rice tolerance to heat stress during grain filling has not been reported. Our results showed that the external spraying Spd (1.5 mM) significantly increased seed germination rate, germination index, vigor index and 1000-grain weight, significantly increased endogenous Spd, spermine (Spm) content and peroxidase activity; significantly reduced MDA content; and greatly alleviated the impact of heat stress on rice seed quality during grain filling stage as compared with high temperature control. OsSAP5 was the most upregulated expression induced by Spd, and may be mainly involved in the Spd-mediated enhancement of high-temperature resistance during rice seed development. Overexpression of OsSAP5 in Arabidopsis enhanced 1000-grain weight and seed heat resistance. Exogenous Spd alleviated the survival rate and seedling length, reduced MDA content, and upregulated the expression levels of SPDS and SPMS in Atsap4 mutant under high temperature during seed germination. In all, exogenous Spd alleviated the heat damage on seed quality during the grain filling stage and seed germination stage by improving endogenous Spd and Spm. OsSAP5, a key gene induced by Spd, might be involved in the rice heat resistance and seed quality in coordination with Spd and Spm.

scholarly journals Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) TaHMW1D Transcript Variants Are Highly Expressed in Response to Heat Stress and in Grains Located in Distal Part of the Spike

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Chan Seop Ko ◽  
Jin-Baek Kim ◽  
Min Jeong Hong ◽  
Yong Weon Seo
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Storage Proteins ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Transcript Variants

High-temperature stress during the grain filling stage has a deleterious effect on grain yield and end-use quality. Plants undergo various transcriptional events of protein complexity as defensive responses to various stressors. The “Keumgang” wheat cultivar was subjected to high-temperature stress for 6 and 10 days beginning 9 days after anthesis, then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide analyses were performed. Spots showing decreased contents in stressed plants were shown to have strong similarities with a high-molecular glutenin gene, TraesCS1D02G317301 (TaHMW1D). QRT-PCR results confirmed that TaHMW1D was expressed in its full form and in the form of four different transcript variants. These events always occurred between repetitive regions at specific deletion sites (5′-CAA (Glutamine) GG/TG (Glycine) or (Valine)-3′, 5′-GGG (Glycine) CAA (Glutamine) -3′) in an exonic region. Heat stress led to a significant increase in the expression of the transcript variants. This was most evident in the distal parts of the spike. Considering the importance of high-molecular weight glutenin subunits of seed storage proteins, stressed plants might choose shorter polypeptides while retaining glutenin function, thus maintaining the expression of glutenin motifs and conserved sites.

scholarly journals Untangling irrigation effects on maize water and heat stress alleviation using satellite data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zhu ◽  
Jennifer Burney
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Temperature Stresses ◽  
Stress Alleviation ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Abstract. Irrigation has important implications for sustaining global food production, enabling crop water demand to be met even under dry conditions. Added water also cools crop plants through transpiration; irrigation might thus play an important role in a warmer climate by simultaneously moderating water and high temperature stresses. Here we use satellite-derived evapotranspiration estimates, land surface temperature (LST) measurements, and crop phenological stage information from Nebraska maize to quantify how irrigation relieves both water and temperature stresses. Our study shows that, unlike air temperature metrics, satellite-derived LST detects significant irrigation-induced cooling effect, especially during the grain filling period (GFP) of crop growth. This cooling is likely to extend the maize growing season, especially for GFP, likely due to the stronger temperature sensitivity of phenological development during this stage. The analysis also suggests that irrigation not only reduces water and temperature stress but also weakens the response of yield to these stresses. Specifically, temperature stress is significantly weakened for reproductive processes in irrigated crops. The attribution analysis further suggests that water and high temperature stress alleviation contributes to 65 % and 35 % of yield benefit, respectively. Our study underlines the relative importance of high temperature stress alleviation in yield improvement and the necessity of simulating crop surface temperature to better quantify heat stress effects in crop yield models. Finally, untangling irrigation effects on both heat and water stress mitigation has important implications for designing agricultural adaptation strategies under climate change.

scholarly journals Effects of elevated CO2and temperature on seed quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. HAMPTON ◽  
B. BOELT ◽  
M. P. ROLSTON ◽  
T. G. CHASTAIN
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Seed Vigour

SUMMARYSuccessful crop production depends initially on the availability of high-quality seed. By 2050 global climate change will have influenced crop yields, but will these changes affect seed quality? The present review examines the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature during seed production on three seed quality components: seed mass, germination and seed vigour.In response to elevated CO2, seed mass has been reported to both increase and decrease in C3plants, but not change in C4plants. Increases are greater in legumes than non-legumes, and there is considerable variation among species. Seed mass increases may result in a decrease of seed nitrogen (N) concentration in non-legumes. Increasing temperature may decrease seed mass because of an accelerated growth rate and reduced seed filling duration, but lower seed mass does not necessarily reduce seed germination or vigour.Like seed mass, reported seed germination responses to elevated CO2have been variable. The reported changes in seed C/N ratio can decrease seed protein content which may eventually lead to reduced viability. Conversely, increased ethylene production may stimulate germination in some species. High-temperature stress before developing seeds reach physiological maturity (PM) can reduce germination by inhibiting the ability of the plant to supply the assimilates necessary to synthesize the storage compounds required for germination.Nothing is known concerning the effects of elevated CO2on seed vigour. However, seed vigour can be reduced by high-temperature stress both before and after PM. High temperatures induce or increase the physiological deterioration of seeds. Limited evidence suggests that only short periods of high-temperature stress at critical seed development stages are required to reduce seed vigour, but further research is required.The predicted environmental changes will lead to losses of seed quality, particularly for seed vigour and possibly germination. The seed industry will need to consider management changes to minimize the risk of this occurring.

scholarly journals Dampak Suhu Tinggi terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Padi

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
Usamah Jaisyurahman ◽  
Desta Wirnas ◽  
Trikoesoemaningtyas ◽  
Dan Heni Purnamawati
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
High Temperature Treatment ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Grain Number Per Panicle

Global warming becomes a pressure in food production sustainability because it affected crop growth and development. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the effect of high-temperature stress on the growth and development phase of rice and to evaluate the genotype for tolerance to high-temperature stress. Two environment conditions were used in the field and greenhouse of IPB Cikabayan experimental field, IPB University from August 2016 until February 2017. The study used varieties of IPB 4S, IPB 6R, Mekongga, and Situ Patenggang. High-temperature treatment was done by transferring the rice plants to the greenhouse at 50 days after transplanting. Observations were made on the generative phase in two different environmental conditions. The results showed that the total tillers number, filled grain number per panicle, unfilled grain number per panicle, total grain number per panicle, grain filling rate, percentage of filled grain and filled grain weight per plant had different responses among rice genotypes due to high-temperature stress. High-temperature decreased pollen fertility in all genotypes, which classified IPB 4S as a sensitive genotype and Mekongga as a tolerant genotype. This information could be useful for development and improving rice variety to anticipate high-temperature stress. Keywords: Climate change, fertility, pollen, stress tolerance index

scholarly journals Response of floret fertility and individual grain weight of wheat to high temperature stress: sensitive stages and thresholds for temperature and duration

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Vara Prasad ◽  
Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Crop Development ◽  
Significant Yield

Short episodes of high temperature (HT) stress during reproductive stages of crop development cause significant yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat plants of cultivar Chinese Spring were grown at various temperature regimes at several stages of reproductive development for different durations. The objectives of this research were to (i) identify the stage(s) most sensitive to HT stress during reproductive development, and (ii) determine threshold temperature and duration of HT stress that decrease floret fertility and individual grain weight. Two periods (first at 8–6 days before anthesis and second at 2–0 days before anthesis) during reproductive development were most sensitive to short episodes (2 or 5 days) of HT stress, causing maximum decreases in floret fertility. Short episodes (5 days) of mean daily temperatures >24°C imposed at start of heading quadratically decreased floret fertility, with the values reaching close to 0% around mean daily temperature of 35°C; and floret fertility and individual grain weight decreased linearly with increasing duration (in the range from 2 to 30 days) of HT stress when imposed at start of heading or start of grain filling respectively. HT stress caused morphological abnormalities in pollen, stigma and style. The combination of lower floret fertility (leading to decreased grain numbers) and decreased individual grain weights can cause significant decreases in grain yield. Further research to search for genetic variability for these traits and use them in breeding programs to develop tolerant genotypes that can provide yield stability under current and future climates is warranted.

Identification of the chromosomal region responsible for high-temperature stress tolerance during the grain-filling period in rice

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenta Shirasawa ◽  
Takuma Sekii ◽  
Yoshinori Ogihara ◽  
Teppei Yamada ◽  
Sachiko Shirasawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Chromosomal Region ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Grain Filling Period

Effects of high temperature on grain growth and on the metabolites and enzymes in the starch-synthesis pathway in the grains of two wheat cultivars differing in their responses to temperature

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Zahedi ◽  
Rajinder Sharma ◽  
Colin F. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
The Difference

The effects of a sustained period of moderately high temperature were evaluated on the availability of substrate and the activity of starch synthase (ADP-glucose: 1,4-α-D-glucan 4-α-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.21) in the developing grains of two wheat Triticum aestivum L. cultivars differing in their tolerance to high temperature. Final grain weight was reduced by 33% in the least sensitive (cv. Kavko) and by 40% in the most sensitive (cv. Lyallpur) cultivar as post-anthesis temperature was raised from 20/15°C (day/night) to 30/25°C. The difference in the response of the two cultivars was mainly due to changes in the rate of grain filling at high temperature. The response of the rate of grain filling at high temperature, and the differential effects on the two cultivars, did not seem to be explained by an effect of temperature on the supply of assimilate (sucrose) or on the availability of the substrate for starch synthesis (ADP-glucose) in the grains. In vitro, but not in vivo, the differential responses of the efficiency (Vmax/Km) of soluble starch synthase in the two cultivars to an increase in temperature were associated with differences in the temperature sensitivity of grain filling. In vivo, the most remarkable difference between the two varieties was in the absolute values of the efficiency of soluble starch synthase, with the most tolerant cultivar having the highest efficiency.

High Temperature Affects the Activity of Enzymes in the Committed Pathway of Starch Synthesis in Developing Wheat Endosperm

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Hawker ◽  
CF Jenner
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Sucrose Synthase ◽  
Starch Synthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Starch ◽  
Starch Synthase ◽  
Adpglucose Pyrophosphorylase ◽  
Udpglucose Pyrophosphorylase ◽  
Lower Temperature

Ears of wheat were exposed for up to 10 days during the grain-filling stage to high temperature (35�C) and activities of five enzymes in the sucrose to starch pathway were compared to those in ears maintained at lower temperature (21�C day/16�C night). Two cultivars of wheat known to differ in their post-anthesis tolerance of high temperature were compared. On a per grain basis, the activity of sucrose synthase and of ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase in ears maintained at 21/16�C throughout did not change greatly between days 16 and 32 after anthesis, whereas UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase activities declined with advancing development. Soluble starch synthase activity in grains of heated ears was decreased within 1 day to about one- half of the value in unheated grains, and 3 days' additional heating did not reduce the activity much further. Insoluble starch synthase activity was not significantly reduced by heating. Compared to soluble starch synthase, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase activity was more slowly affected and decreased to a lesser extent by heat. Sucrose synthase and UDPglucose pyrophosphorylase activities were either not affected or only slightly reduced; part of this reduction could be due to advanced development at the higher temperature. In recovery experiments ears were heated for brief periods and then returned to 21/16�C for a few days. ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase activities recovered in the cooler conditions but the other two enzymes generally only maintained or lost further activity. From a comparison of the activities of these enzymes with the rate of starch deposition, and by taking into account the effects of heating, it is proposed that the influence of heating on final grain dry weight is attributable to the observed reductions of soluble starch synthase activity.

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