scholarly journals 2-Oxo-Imidazole-Containing Dipeptides Play a Key Role in the Antioxidant Capacity of Imidazole-Containing Dipeptides

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Shingo Kasamatsu ◽  
Somei Komae ◽  
Kana Matsukura ◽  
Yuki Kakihana ◽  
Koji Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

There is substantial evidence for the antioxidant functions of imidazole-containing dipeptides (IDPs), including carnosine and anserine, under physiological and pathological conditions in vivo. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the antioxidant functions is still poorly understood. Recently, we discovered the endogenous production of 2-oxo-imidazole-containing dipeptides (2-oxo-IDPs), such as 2-oxo-carnosine and 2-oxo-anserine, as novel derivatives of IDPs in mouse tissues and revealed that the antioxidant capacity of 2-oxo-carnosine was much greater than that of carnosine. However, the antioxidant capacity of 2-oxo-IDPs still remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated 2-oxo-carnosine and 2-oxo-anserine by multiple in vitro assays, such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays in comparison with the corresponding IDPs, carnosine and anserine. All the assays employed herein demonstrated that 2-oxo-carnosine and 2-oxo-anserine exhibited a greater antioxidant capacity than that of the corresponding IDPs. Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed that commercial IDPs standards were contaminated with a certain amount of 2-oxo-IDPs, which was correlated with the antioxidant capacity. DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed that the elimination of contaminated 2-oxo-IDPs from the IDPs standards caused a significant decrease in the antioxidant capacity compared to the original IDPs standards. These results suggest that the main driver of the antioxidant capacity of IDPs is 2-oxo-IDPs; accordingly, the conversion of IDPs to 2-oxo-IDPs may be a critical step in the antioxidant functions.

scholarly journals THE CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CHABA MAPLE (HIBISCUS ACETOSELLA) HOMEMADE JAM

2019 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
SURADWADEE THUNGMUNGMEE ◽  
NAKUNTWALAI WISIDSRI ◽  
WARACHATE KHOBJAI ◽  
THISAKORN DUMRONGPHUTTIDECHA ◽  
KHEMJIRA JAMKOM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Objective: This study aimed to characterize physicochemical and chemical characteristics of Chaba maple (Hibiscus acetosella) homemade jam (CHJ)and determine its autoxidation ability.Methods: The physicochemical and chemical characteristics of CHJ were investigated. The color, viscosity, and pH were observed as physicochemicaldata while chemical properties were obtained from sugar content and total polyphenol content (TPC), determined using high-performance liquidchromatography refractometer and Folin–Ciocalteu assay, respectively. The antioxidant activities of CHJ were identified using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging ability methods.Results: The color and viscosity of CHJ were purple-red and 34,483.33±152.75 cP, respectively. The pH was at 3.78. The total sugar was not detectedin CHJ. The TPC of CHJ showed the highest (47.18±1.80 mg gallic acid equivalent [GAE]/g of jam) followed by Streamline (SL) (23.66±0.32 mgGAE/g of jam), Doikham (DK) (21.99±0.50 mg GAE/g of jam), and Best food (BF) (9.75±0.38 mg GAE/g of jam), respectively. Antioxidant activitiesof CHJ with %1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging of 100.00±1.39% and FRAP value of 1690.70±8.26 uM. Both of activitiesexhibited the highest activity and significantly different when compared with other jams. The %NO scavenging activity of CHJ and SL was 72.43±1.93%and 73.82±1.66%, respectively, which higher than DK and BF.Conclusion: This study shows good in both physicochemical and chemical characteristics of CHJ. The CHJ presents the highest TPC as well asantioxidant activities. Thus, a homemade jam of Chaba maple may be considered as a good source of antioxidants and functional foods.

scholarly journals In Vitro Antidiabetic Effects and Antioxidant Potential ofCassia nemophilaPods

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gauhar Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Hamayun ◽  
Amjad Iqbal ◽  
Saif Ul Islam ◽  
Saba Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

The antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extract ofCassia nemophilapod (EECNP) was evaluated by three in vitro assays, including yeast glucose uptake assay, glucose adsorption assay, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The result revealed that the extracts have enhanced the uptake of glucose through the plasma membrane of yeast cells. A linear increase in glucose uptake by yeast cells was noticed with gradual increase in the concentration of the test samples. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the EECNP was directly proportional to the molar concentration of glucose. Also, the DPPH radical scavenging capacity of the extract was increased to a maximum value of 43.3% at 80 μg/ml, which was then decreased to 41.9% at 100 μg/ml. From the results, it was concluded that EECNP possess good antidiabetic and antioxidant properties as shown by in vitro assays.

Evaluation of morning glory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb) leaves for antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shahadat Hossain ◽  
A.S.M. Ali Reza ◽  
Md. Masudur Rahaman ◽  
Mst. Samima Nasrin ◽  
Mohammed Rasib Uddin Rahat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Writhing Test ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Abstract Background: The present study was planned to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant, antinociceptive, anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities of the Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb leaf methanol extract (MExJT) in the laboratory using both in vitro and in vivo methods. Methods: Phytochemical values, namely, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect and FeCl3 reducing power effects, were studied by established methods. In vivo antinociceptive activity was performed by acidic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced pain test on Swiss albino mice at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The clot lysis and brine shrimp lethality bioassay in vitro were used to evaluate the thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities of the plant extract, respectively. Results: Phytochemical screening illustrates the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, gums and carbohydrates, steroids, alkaloids and reducing sugars in the extract. The results showed the total phenolic content (146.33 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g extract) and total flavonoid content (133.33 g quercetin/100 g). Significant (p<0.05) IC50 values compared to respective standards were recorded in DPPH radical scavenging (289.5 μg/mL) and FeCl3 reduction (245.2 μg/mL). The antinociceptive effect was evaluated in the acetic acid-induced writhing test and formalin-induced pain models in Swiss albino mice with doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Significant (p<0.05) inhibition (72.87±2.73%) of writhing response compared to diclofenac sodium was achieved by 500 mg/kg body weight. The extract also significantly inhibited the licking response in both the early phase (51.59±1.57%, p<0.05) and the late phase (64.82±1.87%, p<0.05) in the formalin-induced writhing test. MExJT also showed (38.10±1.79%) clot lytic activity in the thrombolytic test and cytotoxicity with an LC50 value of 31.70 μg/mL in the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Conclusions: The plant is a potential source of antioxidants and might have one or more secondary metabolite(s) with central and peripheral analgesic activity. The results also demonstrate that MExJT has moderate thrombolytic and lower cytotoxic properties that may warrant further exploration.

scholarly journals β-ecdysone content and antioxidant capacity in different organs of Brazilian ginseng

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Dutra Zani da Silva Souza ◽  
Stéphane Raquel Almeida Velande da Fonseca ◽  
Ariana Ferrari ◽  
Daniele Fernanda Felipe
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Brazilian Ginseng ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT: Plants that contain antioxidant compounds have attracted increasing interest for their vital role in the attenuation of oxidative damage caused by free radicals and in the treatment of various diseases. The present study investigated the β-ecdysone content and the antioxidant activity of Brazilian ginseng (Pfaffia glomerata) extracts obtained from inflorescences, stems, and roots. The P. glomerata extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, β-carotene bleaching test, and phosphomolybdenum method. The β-ecdysone content of P. glomerata extracts was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The P. glomerata inflorescences showed the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and the strongest antioxidant activity in the β-carotene bleaching assay and phosphomolybdenum test. The roots showed the lowest antioxidant capacity in all of the assays. The concentration of β-ecdysone in the plant organs followed the following decreasing order: inflorescences > stems > roots. The present study showed that P. glomerata inflorescence extract had high antioxidant capacity that could be attributed to the presence of β-ecdysone.

ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF SELECTED LOCALLY AVAILABLE VEGETABLES

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwatosin Adu ◽  
Olabisi Ogunrinola ◽  
Gbemisola Saibu ◽  
Omolade Fajana ◽  
Sedoten Ogun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Total Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Introduction: Fairly large scale analyses have been done to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of vegetables and correlation between the various methods of analysis. However, very little has been done to relate the antioxidant capacities of these vegetables with their pH values. This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant capacity of selected widely consumed and locally available vegetables in Nigeria and relate the antioxidant capacity of these vegetables to their pHs. Methods: The vegetables were grouped into “green vegetables”-cucumber cabbage, lettuceand spring onions and “red vegetables”- tomato, scotchbonnet, cayenne pepper and carrot. The pH of these vegetables were determined. Two different methods-2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to determine the antioxidant capacity. Results: Results of the pH measurements of “green vegetables” showed a range of 5.84-6.72 while the pH of “red vegetables” ranged from 4.87- 5.66.All vegetables used in this study had pH less than 7 with relatively high antioxidant capacity. Scotch bonnet had consistently high antioxidant activity regardless of the method employed. There was a significant negative relationship (P<0.05; r = -0.365) between the pH and DPPH radical scavenging activity and between the pH and total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05 r =-0.351). There was no significant correlation (P<0.05) between DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of all vegetables. Conclusion: The pHs of these vegetables were within the acidic range, and antioxidant potential of these vegetables increased with increasing acidity.

scholarly journals Pure Polyphenols and Cranberry Juice High in Anthocyanins Increase Antioxidant Capacity in Animal Organs

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Bariexca ◽  
Janice Ezdebski ◽  
Benjamin Redan ◽  
Joe Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Cranberry Juice ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Animal Organs

Anthocyanins and the broader class of polyphenols are strong antioxidants in vitro. Polyphenols are one of the major antioxidants in plant foods, and the beverages derived from them. There is extensive evidence in the literature that polyphenols are beneficial to health. In order to be bioactive in vivo, they need to be bioavailable and be transported from the circulation to target organs. To date, there have been few studies testing the extent to which polyphenols and especially anthocyanins affect the antioxidant capacity of animal organs. In our first pilot study, we investigated how three pure polyphenols (the flavonoids quercetin, catechin and hesperetin) given to rats by intraperitoneal injection (49 to 63 mg/kg) affected their organ antioxidant capacity. This was followed by a subsequent study that injected one ml of 100% cranberry juice (high in anthocyanins) to hamsters. Antioxidant capacity of animal organs was determined by using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) colorimetric assay on methanolic extracts of select rat organs (i.e., liver, kidney, heart, prostate and brain) and in the hamster organs (i.e., liver, kidney, heart, bladder and brain). Overall the results showed that antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in experimental vs. control organs. Analysis of organs by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from both animal studies provided evidence of polyphenol metabolites in the organ extracts. Taken together, this study provides data that the administration of anthocyanins and other polyphenols cause an increase in organ antioxidant capacity in two animal models. This result supports the growing evidence for the hypothesis that dietary polyphenols reduce the risk and extent of various chronic disease at the disease site.

Antioxidative and Hepatoprotective Effects of Rubus canescens DC. growing wild in Lebanon

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaydaa Mohamad Salim ◽  
Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki ◽  
Hiba Abdallah ◽  
Hatem M. Nasser ◽  
Nelly Arnold-Apostolides
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Histological Analysis ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Profile ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging ◽  
Β Carotene

Background: Plants of the genus Rubus (family Rosaceae) have been used for diverse medicinal purposes for centuries. We hypothesized that the scarcely investigated R. canescens DC. should, like other species of the genus Rubus, exhibit prominent antioxidant activity. Objective: The present study investigates the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of fruit juice as well as aqueous and methanolic extracts of the areal parts of Rubus canescens DC., and decipher the phytochemical profile of the methanolic extracts by GC-MS. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching assays. The in vivo antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by measuring ALT, AST, CAT, and SOD levels in CCl4-challenged mice in two experimental models (chronic exposure and preventive). Histological analysis was conducted on H&E stained liver sections, and the phytochemical profile of methanolic extracts was investigated by GC-MS. Results: DPPH radical scavenging assay revealed that the methanolic leaves extract exhibited the highest activity, while the juice was the most active in the β-carotene bleaching assay. The in vivo experiments suggested that the extracts have promising antioxidant potential and hepatoprotective effect capable of promoting liver functions. Histological analysis of liver sections revealed that administrating juice extract regenerated hepatocytes while reducing inflammation. GC-MS analysis indicated the presence of squalene, β-amyrin, and γ-sitosterol that may have contributed to the observed activity. Conclusion: The current study provided the first in vivo evidence supporting the antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of R. canescens DC. growing wild in Lebanon.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Activities of Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J. B. Gillett) (Burseraceae) Leaf Extracts Using In Vitro and In Vivo Assays

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Maria Lúcia da Silva Cordeiro ◽  
Ana Raquel Carneiro Ribeiro ◽  
Luciana Fentanes Moura de Melo ◽  
Lucas Felipe da Silva ◽  
Gabriel Pereira Fidelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
In Vivo Assays

Commiphora leptophloeos is widely used in folk medicine without any scientific basis. Considering this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical profile and the antioxidant activity of C. leptophloeos leaf extracts using in vitro and in vivo assays. Six extracts were obtained from fresh leaves using a serial extraction (nonpolar to polar solvents). These extracts were first evaluated with the presence of phytochemical compounds using the methods thin layer chromatography (TLC), ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC-DAD), and high performance liquid chromatography, both with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Based on the compounds identified, it was used some bioinformatics tools in order to identify possible pathway and gene targets. After that, the antioxidant capacity from these extracts was analysed by in vitro assays and in vivo assays using Caenorhabditis elegans model. Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of polyphenols, such as rutin, vitexin, and quercetin diglycosides in all extracts, especially in ethanol extract (EE) and methanol extract (EM). Bioinformatics analysis showed these polyphenols linked to antioxidant pathways. Furthermore, EE and EM displayed a high antioxidant capacity in DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays. They also had no effect on cell viability for 3T3 nontumour cell. However, for B16-F10 tumour cell lines, these extracts had toxicity effect. In vivo assays using C. elegans N2 showed that EE was not toxic, and it did not affect its viability nor its development. Besides, EE increased worm survival under oxidative stress and reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by 50%. Thus, C. leptophloeos EE displayed an important in vitro and in vivo antioxidant capacity. The EE extract has polyphenols, suggesting that these compounds may be responsible for a myriad of biological activities having this potential to be used in various biotechnological applications.

Synthesis and antioxidant activity of new selenium-containing quinolines

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Bocchini ◽  
Bruna Goldani ◽  
Fernanda S.S. Sousa ◽  
Paloma T. Birmann ◽  
Cesar A. Brüning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Antioxidant Agents

Background: Quinoline derivatives have been attracted much attention in drug discovery and synthetic derivatives of these scaffolds present a range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, organoselenium compounds are valuable scaffolds in organic synthesis because their pharmacological activities and their use as versatile building blocks for regio-, chemio-and stereoselective reactions. Thus, the synthesis of selenium-containing quinolines has great significance, and their applicability range from simple antioxidant agents, to selective DNA-binding and photocleaving agents. Objective: In the present study we describe the synthesis and antioxidant activity in vitro of new 7-chloroN(arylselanyl)quinolin-4-amines 5 by the reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline 4 with (arylselanyl)-amines 3. Methods: For the synthesis of 7-chloro-N(arylselanyl)quinolin-4-amines 5, we performed the reaction of (arylselanyl)- amines 3 with 4,7-dichloroquinoline 4 in the presence of Et3N at 120 °C in a sealed tube. The antioxidant activities of the compounds 5 were evaluated by the following in vitro assays: 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), nitric oxide (NO) scavenging and superoxide dismutase-like activity (SOD-Like). Results: 7-Chloro-N(arylselanyl)quinolin-4-amines 5a-d has been synthesized in yields ranging from 68% to 82% by the reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline 4 with arylselanyl-amines 3a-d using Et3N as base, at 120 °C, in a sealed tube for 24 hours and tolerates different substituents, such as -OMe and -Cl, in the arylselanyl moiety. The obtained compounds 5a-d presented significant results with respect to the antioxidant potential, which had effect in the tests of inhibition of radical’s DPPH, ABTS+ and NO, as well as in the test that evaluates the capacity (FRAP) and in the superoxide dismutase-like activity assay (SOD-Like). It is worth mentioning that 7-chloro-N(arylselanyl)quinolin-4-amine 5b presented excellent results, demonstrating a better antioxidant capacity when compared to the others. Conclusion: According to the obtained results 7-chloro-N(arylselanyl)quinolin-4-amines 5 were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of 4,7-dichloroquinoline with arylselanyl-amines and tolerates different substituents in the arylselanyl moiety. The tested compounds presented significant antioxidant potential in the tests of inhibition of DPPH, ABTS+ and NO radicals, as well as in the FRAP and superoxide dismutase-like activity assays (SOD-Like).

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of the Antioxidative Effects of Helichrysum italicum and Helichrysum arenarium Infusions

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 380
Author(s):  
Katja Kramberger ◽  
Zala Jenko Pražnikar ◽  
Alenka Baruca Arbeiter ◽  
Ana Petelin ◽  
Dunja Bandelj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Morphological Type ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Stress Related Genes

Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench (abbrev. as HA) has a long tradition in European ethnomedicine and its inflorescences are approved as a herbal medicinal product. In the Mediterranean part of Europe, Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (abbrev. as HI) is more common. Since infusions from both plants are traditionally used, we aimed to compare their antioxidative potential using in vitro assays. Two morphologically distinct HI plants, HIa and HIb, were compared to a commercially available HA product. Genetic analysis using microsatellites confirmed a clear differentiation between HI and HA and suggested that HIb was a hybrid resulting from spontaneous hybridization from unknown HI subspecies. High-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis showed the highest amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids and total arzanol derivatives in HIa, whereas HIb was richest in monohydroxybenzoic acids, caffeic acids, and coumarins, and HA contained the highest amounts of flavonoids, especially flavanones. HIa exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity; it was more efficient in protecting different cell lines from induced oxidative stress and in inducing oxidative stress-related genes superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione reductase 1. The antioxidative potential of HI was not only dependent on the morphological type of the plant but also on the harvest date, revealing important information for obtaining the best possible product. Considering the superior properties of HI compared to HA, the evaluation of HI as a medicinal plant could be recommended.

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