scholarly journals An 11-bp Indel Polymorphism within the CSN1S1 Gene Is Associated with Milk Performance and Body Measurement Traits in Chinese Goats

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanghai Zhang ◽  
Ke Wang ◽  
Jinwang Liu ◽  
Haijing Zhu ◽  
Lei Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Body Measurement ◽  
Indel Polymorphism ◽  
Body Measurement Traits ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Solids Content

The casein alpha s1 (CSN1S1) gene encodes α-s1 casein, one of the proteins constituting milk, which affects milk performance, as well as improving the absorption of calcium and bone development in mammals. A previous study found that an 11-bp insertion/deletion (indel) of this gene strongly affected litter size in goats. However, to our knowledge, the relationships between this polymorphism and the milk performance and body measurement traits of goats have not been reported. In this paper, the previously identified indel has been recognized in three Chinese goat breeds, namely the Guanzhong dairy goat (GZDG; n = 235), Shaanbei white cashmere goat (SBWC; n = 1092), and Hainan black goat (HNBG; n = 278), and the following three genotypes have been studied for all of the breeds: insertion/insertion (II), deletion/deletion (DD), and insertion/deletion (ID). The allele frequencies analyzed signified that the frequencies of the “D” allele were higher (47.8%–65.5%), similar to the previous report, which indicates that this polymorphism is genetically stable in different goat breeds. Further analysis showed that this indel was markedly associated with milk fat content, total solids content, solids-not-fat content, freezing point depression, and acidity in GZDG (p < 0.05), and also affected different body measurement traits in all three breeds (p < 0.05). The goats with II genotypes had superior milk performance, compared with the others; however, goats with DD genotypes had better body measurement sizes. Hence, it may be necessary to select goats with an II or DD genotype, based on the desired traits, while breeding. Our study provides information on the potential impact of the 11-bp indel polymorphism of the CSN1S1 gene for improving the milk performance and body measurement traits in goats.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and technological properties of milk obtained from the morning and evening milking

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Skýpala ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Morning Milk

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production – milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition – milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk – ti­tra­tab­le acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable aci­di­ty (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

scholarly journals Relationship between the insertion/deletion polymorphism within the promoter and the intron 1 sequence of the PRNP gene and milk performance traits in cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Strychalski ◽  
U. Czarnik ◽  
M. Pierzchała ◽  
C.S. Pareek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Prnp Gene ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Protein Yield ◽  
Indel Polymorphism ◽  
Genomic Location ◽  
Intron 1 ◽  
Performance Traits ◽  
Milk Performance

Current studies on the prion protein (PRNP) gene polymorphism focus primarily on the causative mutations that influence BSE susceptibility in cattle. The specific genetic structure determined by the insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism within the 23 bp promoter sequence and the 12 bp intron 1 sequence of the PRNP gene, and its genomic location suggest that this polymorphism can be a potential QTL marker. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the indel polymorphism within the promoter sequence (23 bp) and the intron 1 sequence (12 bp) of the PRNP gene can be used as a factor differentiating the values of milk performance traits. The experimental materials comprised 285 primiparous Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, daughters of two dihybrid (23ins-12ins/23del-12del) sires (progeny of sire 1 &ndash; 149 cows, progeny of sire 2 &ndash; 136 cows). The following milk performance traits were analysed: milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, fat and protein contents of milk during the first 305-day lactation. The polymorphism in the promoter region (23 bp) was found to have a significant (P = 0.040) effect on protein yield and a highly significant (P = 0.007) effect on the protein content of milk. The highest values of these traits were noted in 23 ins/del heterozygotes and the lowest in 23 del/del homozygotes. There was an interrelation between diplotype variants and the concentrations of milk components. The protein content of milk was highly significantly (P = 0.007) higher in 23ins-12ins/23del-12del heterozygotes and significantly (P = 0.028) higher in 23ins-12ins/23ins-12ins homozygotes, compared to 23del-12ins/23del-12del cows. 23ins-12ins/23del-12del heterozygotes were also characterized by a significantly (P = 0.046) higher fat content of milk, in comparison with 23del-12del/23del-12del homozygotes.

scholarly journals Factors affecting goat milk fat yield

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evaldas Šlyžius ◽  
Birutė Šlyžienė ◽  
Vaida Lindžiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Fat Yield

The objective of the paper was to investigate the main factors determining the yield of fat in goat milk in the dairy goat population of Lithuania. The research was carried out on a total of 1,079 dairy goats (4 breeds: Czech White Shorthaired (n = 610), Saanen (n = 364), Lithuanian native (n = 94) and Anglo-Nubian (11)) in 7 dairy farms. The average milk yield during lactation was 797.42 (±53.3) kg. The average milk fat content was 4.14% (±0.4). The research of the goat milk fat content demonstrated that the indicators investigated in different herds varied. The highest milk fat content in percent was determined among AngloNubian – 5.2%. The milk fat content of all breeds of goats increased with increasing the parity up to the 4–6th parity, respectively, and started decreasing then, after reaching the peak. While assessing the quantity of milk fat during the stage of lactation, the highest milk fat content was determined during the first months (4.5–4.7%) and at the end of lactation (4.5%). The research performed by us showed that such factors as breed, parity, stage of lactation and herd had an impact on the quantity of goat milk fat.

scholarly journals Milk fatty acid composition of dairy goats fed increasing levels of Flemingia macrophylla hay

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Isabel Das Neves Oiticica ◽  
Carlos Elysio Moreira da Fonseca ◽  
Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽  
Mirton José Frota Morenz ◽  
Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Atherogenic Index ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Daily Production ◽  
Quadratic Effect ◽  
Flemingia Macrophylla

The effect of dietary inclusion of increasing levels of Flemingia macrophylla hay on the yield, composition and fatty acid profile of milk from Saanen x Boer goats was evaluated. The diets were composed of 40% concentrate and 60% forage. The treatments were defined by the level of inclusion of Flemingia hay in the diet (0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 g kg-1 dry matter) in replacement of the Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton-85 hay, distributed according to a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. The inclusion of Flemingia in the diet did not change the milk yield or milk fat content but promoted a quadratic effect on the fat yield. A quadratic effect was observed on the milk protein and lactose contents, but this effect was not reflected in the daily production of these components. The concentrations of vaccenic, rumenic, elaidic and trans-10 C18:1 fatty acids in milk fat increased linearly in response to the dietary inclusion of Flemingia, whereas the contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and ?-linolenic fatty acids were not modified. A linear reduction was observed in the lauric and myristic fatty acids concentrations, which was accompanied by a reduction in the atherogenic index of milk fat. A quadratic effect was also observed on the trans-10, cis-12 CLA milk fat content in response to the inclusion of Flemingia in the diet, as well as a linear increase in the apparent transfer of ?-linolenic acid from the diet to milk. The inclusion of up to 320 g kg-1 of Flemingia hay as a replacement for Tifton-85 hay in the Saanen x Boer dairy goat diet does not modify the milk production and improves the nutritional quality of milk fat by increasing the contents of rumenic and vaccenic acids beneficial to human health and reducing the concentrations of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids.

scholarly journals Effects of ruminal pH and subacute ruminal acidosis on milk yield and composition of Holstein cows in different stages of lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 1551
Author(s):  
G. C. KITKAS ◽  
G. E. VALERGAKIS ◽  
M. KRITSEPI-KONSTANTINOU ◽  
A. I. GELASAKIS ◽  
G. ARSENOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Solids Content

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA; implying a rumen fluid pH between 5.5 and 5.0), is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows. In this study, the effect of SARA and rumen fluid pH on milk yield and composition was assessed in dairy cows under field conditions, with repeated measurements in the same cows, at different stages of lactation. Rumenocentesis was performed in 83 Holstein cows of a commercial herd at 30, 90, and 150 days in milk (DIM). Rumen fluid pH was measured on-site using a portable pH-meter. Milk yield was also recorded at the same days. Milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and total solids content. For the statistical analysis, mixed linear regression models were used. Prevalence of SARA was 48.2%, 53.8% and 65.3% at 30, 90 and 150 DIM, respectively. There was a significant negative effect of SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH on milk fat content; SARA was associated with a decrease of milk fat content by 0.22%, while a one-unit increase of rumen fluid pH, even within the normal range, was associated with a 0.28% increase of milk fat content and 0.44% increase of milk total solids content. There was no effect of SARA on milk yield or protein, lactose and total solids content. In conclusion, under field conditions, SARA and decreased rumen fluid pH reduce milk fat content.

scholarly journals Fresh cheese production on the basis of milk-protein coaggregates

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ognjen Macej ◽  
Snezana Jovanovic ◽  
Sanja Seratlic ◽  
Miroljub Barac
Keyword(s):  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Fresh Cheese ◽  
Cheese Curd ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cheese Production ◽  
Control Samples

Two variants of fresh cheese were prepared: cheese prepared from milk heated at 650C for 30 minutes (control samples) and those prepared from milk heated for 10 minutes at 850C (experimental samples). Second method caused the protein co aggregates formation. Results of these investigations suggested that the whey obtained during fresh cheese production from co aggregates had considerable lower total nitrogen content (0.0601%) and milk fat content (0.08%). These values represented 46.37% and 33.33% of the control samples respectively. Also, dry matter of experimental whey samples was lower for 3.72% than in the whey of control samples. The cheese prepared on the basis of co aggregates had for 5.11% lower total solids content than control samples. The average values of these and control samples were 28.38% and 33.49% respectively. This may be due to protein co aggregates properties and the different structure of cheese curd. Disregarding to the higher utilization of the milk fat, the lower milk fat content in total solids content of experimental cheese is the result of higher participation of total nitrogen.

scholarly journals Effects of calf separation and injection of oxytocin on milk performance and milk composition of the Polish Red cows

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 882-891
Author(s):  
E. Dymnicki ◽  
E. Sosin-Bzducha ◽  
M. Gołębiewski
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Standard Composition

Abstract. The aim of this study was to analyse the yield and composition of milk from Polish Red cattle after 12-hour isolation of calves. Sixty six Polish Red cows were kept together with calves. Control milkings were carried out once a month after 12-hour isolation of calves. Five subsequent milkings after calving were taken under consideration. In the season (May–July 2012) oxytocin (OXT, 1 ml, 3 min before control milking) was injected. The milk of cows milked mechanically after 12-hour isolation of calves was characterized by a very low fat content (0.47–0.58 %) depending on the month after calving. There were no differences in protein and lactose content compared to the standard composition of cow’s milk. The milk yield was 6.16 kg in the first milking after calving and 3.55–4.01 kg in the four further milkings. After administration of OXT a significant increase of milk was observed in the first (12.9 kg) and subsequent months of lactation (8.5–12.4 kg). Milk fat content was significantly higher (4.14 % in the first and 3.39–3.86 % in the further milkings).

scholarly journals The relationship between freezing point of milk and milk components and its changes during lactation in Czech Pied and Holstein cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav Chládek ◽  
Vladimír Čejna
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
The Relationship

The freezing point of milk (FPM) is an instant indicator of violated technological quality of raw milk, especially of dilution. FPM can also vary due to numerous effects associated with changes in milk composition and milk characteristics. Beside the effect of season, phase of lactation, breed, milk yield, sub-clinical mastitis etc. the impacts of nutrition and dietary or metabolic disorders are the most significant and the most frequent (GAJDŮŠEK, 2003). FPM is a relatively stable physical characteristic and due to osmotically active elements it ranges from – 0.510 to – 0.535 °C (HANUŠ et al., 2003b). Recently ŠUSTOVÁ (2001) studied the freezing point of milk in pool samples; she observed seasonal changes in FPM of mixed milk and the effect of different diets on FPM values. KOLOŠTA (2003) looked into the effect of grazing season on FPM. HANUŠ et al. (2003a) analysed possible effects of handling of milk components on FPM.The aim of this work was to describe the relationship between FPM and milk components and the impact of breed, number and phase of lactation on FPM. We analysed 328 milk samples in total, out of which 137 samples were of Czech Pied cows and 191 samples of Holstein cows. The effect of number and phase of lactation was evaluated for both breeds together. The greatest coefficients of correlation in total were found between FPM and lactose content (r = 0.600) and solids non fat (r = 0.523). Lower coefficients of correlation were found between FPM and milk fat content (r = 0.235), milk protein content (r = 0.260) and urea concentration (r = 0.256). These coefficients were considerably lower in Holstein cows than in Czech Pied cows. The coefficients of correlation between FPM and number and phase of lactation and somatic cells count were insignificant. The total mean value of FPM was – 0.534 °C. Breed statistically significantly (P<0.01) affected FPM (+0.006 °C in C breed) and milk fat content (+0.19 % in H breed). Breed highly significantly (P<0.001) affected daily milk yield (+4.9 kg milk in H), milk protein content (+0.27 % in C) and solids non fat (+0.37 % in C). On the contrary, breed had no significant effect on lactose content, urea concentration and somatic cells count.Variability of FPM was greater in Czech Pied cows (5.9 %) than in Holstein cows (0.9 %). Number of lactation had no significant effect on FPM (maximum difference between lactations was 0.008 °C). Phase of lactation had no significant effect on FPM either. Our study revealed the fact that FPM was most of all affected by lactose content and solids non fat. However, the decrease of lactose content was compensated by a tendency of mammary glad to keep constant osmotic pressure. As the somatic sells count was low, there was no decline in lactose content during later lactations so no significant decrease of FPM occurred.

MODERN CONDITION AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN WHITEHEAD BREED

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 194-202
Author(s):  
S. L. Voitenko ◽  
L. V. Vishnevsky
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The Future ◽  
Efficiency Of Selection ◽  
Selection Of

The article shows the state of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cattle, which includes distribution of cattle, the number of animals belonging to respective bloodlines, evaluation of young animals with live weight in the process of growing and milk production of cows during the first lactation. It reflects the historic development of the breed when it was colonism whiteheaded cattle, which turned into the original breed, undergone a significant expansion in livestock and increase of productivity, decreased in the number, was as basis for creation of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed and now bred only in one breeding farm. Visual estimation of animal exterior showed good development of cows and calves and their belonging to the dairy type. In the vast majority the cows of the herd have a black suit, a white head with " glasses" around the eyes, white belly, udder, lower legs and brush of the tail. The youngsters aren’t consolidated by the exterior, and among them there are animals which are not typical for Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. The young animals have some lag in live weight behind the breed standard [12] to 7 months’ age with exceeding of this trait in certain periods quite significantly in the future. It was established that selection of heifers on live weight will be effective at the early age (1-5 months), given the coefficient of variation of live weight – 22,63-30,21% and will not have a significant influence in the future. Milk yields of first-calf heifers vary considerably depending on the origin. The milk yield of first-calf heifers in the herd was 4238,5 kg on average, the heifers belonging to Mart 171 and Ozon 417 bloodlines had the best milk performance – 4483,1 and 4254,9 kg accordingly. The most aligned milk yield during the first lactation was in the cows belonging to Ozon 417 bloodline, the limits of the trait are 4128,5-4327,4 kg with the average value by the line 4254,9 kg. In contrast, the first-calf heifers of Ryezvyi 33 bloodline with average milk yield 4048,9 kg had limits of the trait 2199,3-4736,1 kg. Even greater range in cows’ milk yield during the first lactation R= 4939 kg (limits 1687 – 6626 kg) is characterized for the herd in general, it shows, on the one hand, the possibility of qualitative improvement of cows’ productivity due to selection on the investigated trait and lack of selection in the herd on the other hand. It was established that daughters of bull Chardash belonging to Ryezvyi 33 bloodline produced 4736,1 kg of milk for 305 days of the first lactation with fat content 3,6%, whereas Zlak’s descendants of the same line were characterized by the lowest milk yield for the first completed lactation – 2199,3 kg with fat content 3,7% and the average value by the line – 4048,9 kg of milk, fat content 3,6%. Similar variability of first-calf heifers’ milk yields, depending on the origin, is typical for other bloodlines of Ukrainian Whiteheaded breed. To increase milk productivity of Ukrainian Whiteheaded cows is recommended to repeat successful combinations of parental forms, and to preserve the breed – to carry out an objective assessment of animals by a range of traits, given the efficiency of selection of heifers on live weight at early age.

Milk productivity of the cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds in environment of the Novosibirsk region

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Zheltikov ◽  
N. Kostomakhin ◽  
D. Adushinov ◽  
O. Zaiko ◽  
V. Dementev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Daily Milk Yield

The characteristic of milk productivity of cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds in LLC “Sibirskaya Niva” in the Maslyaninsky district in the Novosibirsk region has been given. It has been revealed that under the natural and climatic environments of the Western Siberia, when creating favorable conditions for feeding and housing for cows of Holstein and Simmental breeds have sufficiently high milk productivity. It has been found that Holstein first-calf heifers surpassed their Simmental herdmates by 959 kg in milk yield for the first 305 days of lactation under the same conditions of housing and feeding, by 3,1 kg in daily milk yield, by 38,2 kg in milk fat yield, and by 28,3 kg in milk protein yield (P < 0,001). There were no statistically significant differences between animals of Holstein and Simmental breeds in terms of fat and protein content in milk, which amounted to 3,94 and 2,96 % in Holstein breed and 3,97 and 2,98 % in Simmental breed, respectively. Both breeds have shown high milk productivity during the first 3 lactations. Thus, the milk yield of Holstein cows for the first 3 lactation was 6475–9290 kg, Simmental cows it was 5516–7680 kg, fat content was 3,93–3,99 and 3,96–3,97 %, respectively. The protein content in the milk of cows of both breeds did not exceed 3,0 %. High variability has been found in milk yield, yield of milk fat and protein, the coefficient of milk content and duration of lactation, the lowest in the content of protein and fat in milk and live weight. The correlation coefficients between the fat and protein content in milk were generally positive, but did not exceed 0,28. Therefore, breeding in the herd of cows in LLC “Sibirskaya Niva” have to be conducted not only by fat content, but also by protein content in milk.

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