scholarly journals Glucose Injections at Birth, Warmth and Placing at a Nurse Sow Improve the Growth of IUGR Piglets

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maiken N. Engelsmann ◽  
Christian F. Hansen ◽  
Marlene N. Nielsen ◽  
Anders R. Kristensen ◽  
Charlotte Amdi
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Glucose Injection ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Head Morphology ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Maintain Body Temperature

Intrauterine growth-restricted piglets (IUGR) have a lower rectal temperature, whole-blood glucose, and lower glycogen storages at birth than normal piglets, giving them less energy to maintain body temperature and compete at the udder. The present paper investigated the effects of giving an energy supplementation three times after birth on rectal temperature, glucose levels, and growth until weaning in an on-farm trial. Eighty-eight newborn piglets were classified as IUGR (based on head morphology), placed under a heating lamp for one hour and allocated to one of four treatments—warmed water (WATER), glucose injection (GLUC), colostrum bolus (COLOS; porcine colostrum), and colostrum bolus and glucose injection (GLUC + COLOS)—before being placed at a nursing sow. Weight differences were found at day 21, with GLUC and GLUC + COLOS groups being the heaviest. Piglets in GLUC + COLOS had higher glucose levels at t = 3, 6, and 9 h compared to the other treatments (p = 0.027), but from t = 24 h and onwards, no difference was observed. For rectal temperature, no differences were observed. Collectively, these findings suggest that glucose injections at birth (i.e., as an energy source), one hour’s exposure to warmth and the placement of piglets with a nurse sow to reduce competition, enhance the growth of IUGR piglets.

scholarly journals Blood-glucose levels in newborn piglets and the associations between blood-glucose levels, intrauterine growth restriction and pre-weaning mortality

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trude Staarvik ◽  
Tore Framstad ◽  
Mina Heggelund ◽  
Sunniva Brynjulvsrud Fremgaarden ◽  
Camilla Kielland
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
Head Morphology ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose ◽  
Fourth Quartile

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between blood-glucose levels in one-day-old-piglets (ODOP), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and pre-weaning mortality in a commercial piglet-producing herd in Norway. Material and methods The study was carried out in a non-crate commercial piglet-producing herd in Norway and 426 live born piglets from 31 litters were included. Piglets were blood-sampled, ear tagged, weighed and measured within 24 h after birth. Litter size, cross fostering and deaths until weaning were recorded. Blood was collected by vein puncture of Vena subcutanea abdominis and blood-glucose levels were measured using a handheld glucometer. Piglets were given an IUGR-score (1–3) based on head-morphology where a score of 3 is defined as an intrauterine growth restricted piglet. Results Of the 426 live born piglets, 391 piglets survived until weaning, resulting in 8.22% pre-weaning mortality. Mean piglet weight in ODOP was 1.59 kg (SD = 0.36), and mean blood-glucose level was 5.48 mmol/l (SD = 1.44). IUGR score 3 piglets had lower blood-glucose levels (Coef. = − 1.7 mmol/l, P < .001) than normal piglets (IUGR score 1). Males had significantly higher blood glucose levels (Coef. = 0.23 mmol/l, P = .044) compared to females. There was a trend that blood-glucose levels in individual piglets were lower in large litters with − 0.07 mmol/l per extra piglet born (P = .054). Piglets with blood-glucose levels in the second quartile had reduced risk of pre-weaning mortality (OR = 0.32, P = .046) compared to piglets with blood-glucose levels in the lower quartile. This is also true for piglets in the third and fourth quartile (OR = 0.13, P = 0.004). Conclusion This study identified IUGR to be associated with low blood-glucose levels in ODOP. It also found increased pre-weaning mortality in ODOP with low blood-glucose. By identifying IUGR piglets by the shape of their head, piglet producers may reduce pre-weaning mortality by making sure these piglets get enough colostrum, milk or supplement feeding (i.e. energy).

scholarly journals The Stomach Capacity is Reduced in Intrauterine Growth Restricted Piglets Compared to Normal Piglets

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1291
Author(s):  
Julie C. Lynegaard ◽  
Janni Hales ◽  
Marlene N. Nielsen ◽  
Christian F. Hansen ◽  
Charlotte Amdi
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Empty Stomach ◽  
Average Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Head Morphology ◽  
Stomach Weight

Selection for increased litter sizes have decreased the average birth weight of piglets and up to 30% of newborn piglets in Danish herds show signs of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). It has been reported that around 48% of liveborn piglets dying between birth and weaning have empty stomachs, and that IUGR piglets do not ingest the recommended amount of colostrum to survive. The aim of this study was to investigate how much colostrum could be administrated depending on whether they were IUGR compared to normal piglets. Seventy-two piglets within 24 h of farrowing were classified as either IUGR or normal based on their head morphology. Stomach weight, length and capacity were measured along with bodyweight (BW). The results displayed a decreased BW, empty stomach weight and capacity in IUGR piglets, as well as a decreased relative stomach capacity in IUGR compared with normal piglets. In conclusion, birth weight is not the only factor influencing stomach capacity, and IUGR piglets have a smaller stomach capacity compared with normal piglets. It is estimated that IUGR piglets have the capacity to be given a bolus of 25 mL per kg/BW, whereas a normal piglet have a higher capacity (30 mL per kg/BW).

Intrauterine Growth Restriction Alters the Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiles in Small Intestine, Liver and Longissimus Dorsi Muscle of Newborn Piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 713-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyu Tao ◽  
Tianjiao Zhou ◽  
Perot Saelao ◽  
Ying Wang ◽  
Yuhua Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Newborn Piglets ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem in swine production since the associated low birth weight leads to high rates of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality, and permanent retardation of growth and development. The underlying regulatory mechanisms from the aspects of epigenetic modification has received widespread attention. Studies explore the changes in genome wide methylation in small intestine (SI), liver and longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) between IUGR and normal birth weight (NBW) newborn piglets using a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation-sequencing (MeDIP-Seq) approach. The data demonstrated that methylated peaks were prominently distributed in distal intergenic regions and the quantities of peaks in IUGR piglets were more than that of NBW piglets. IUGR piglets had relatively high methylated level in promoters, introns and coding exons in all the three tissues. Through KEGG pathway analysis of differentially methylated genes found that 33, 54 and 5 differentially methylated genes in small intestine, liver and longissimus dorsi muscle between NBW and IUGR piglets, respectively, which are related to development and differentiation, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein turnover, immune response, detoxification, oxidative stress and apoptosis pathway. The objective of this review is to assess the impact of differentially methylation status on developmental delay, metabolic disorders and immune deficiency of IUGR piglets.

scholarly journals Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽  
Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
Juan C. García-López ◽  
Milagros González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Birth Body Weight ◽  
Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

scholarly journals Ingredients, Functionality, and Safety of the Japanese Traditional Sweet Drink Amazake

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 469
Author(s):  
Atsushi Kurahashi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Bowel Movement ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Fermented Food ◽  
The Other ◽  
Added Sugar ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Main Components

The sweet drink amazake is a fermented food made from Aspergillus oryzae and related koji molds in Japan. There are two types of drinks called amazake, one made from koji (koji amazake) and the other made from sake lees, a by-product of sake (sakekasu amazake). The sweetness of koji amazake is from glucose, derived from starch broken down by A. oryzae amylase. The other, sakekasu amazake, depends on added sugar. The main components are glucose and sucrose, but they also contain more than 300 other ingredients. Koji amazake contains oligosaccharides and ergothioneine, and sakekasu amazake has a resistant protein and α-ethyl glucoside, which are characteristic ingredients of each amazake. However, there are also common ingredients such as glycosylceramide. Functionality is known to include anti-fatigue, bowel movement, skin barrier, and other effects on human health. In particular, the bowel movement-improving effects have been well studied for both amazakes. These functions result from ingesting approximately 100 mL per day, but human clinical trials have clarified that this amount has no effect on blood glucose levels and weight gain. In the future, the identification of substances associated with each function is required.

scholarly journals PSV-7 Effects of drying and oxygenation of piglets at birth on rectal temperatures in the early post-natal period

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 154-155
Author(s):  
Katherine Vande Pol ◽  
Naomi Cooper ◽  
Andres Tolosa ◽  
Michael Ellis ◽  
Richard Gates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Potential Treatment ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Oxygen Treatment ◽  
Birth Data

Abstract Piglets often experience hypothermia early after birth. Previous research has suggested that drying piglets and administration of oxygen (a potential treatment for asphyxiation) at birth may increase post-natal rectal temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drying and administering oxygen at birth on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. The study, conducted at a commercial facility, used a CRD with 42 sows/litters randomly allotted at start of farrowing to 3 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no drying or oxygenation); Dried (using a cellulose-based desiccant); Dried+Oxygen [dried and placed in a chamber (40% oxygen) for 20 min]. At birth, piglets were weighed and uniquely identified. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The statistical model included effects of treatment, time of measurement, and the interaction. Both the Dried and Dried+Oxygen treatments had greater (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Control between 20 and 120 min. However, the Dried+Oxygen treatment had lower (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Dried treatment between 20 and 60 minutes. Temperatures at 1440 min were lower (P &lt; 0.05) for the Dried+Oxygen than the other treatments; however, differences were small. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth increased rectal temperatures over the first 2 h after birth. The combination of drying piglets at birth and placement in an oxygen chamber for 20 min was less effective at moderating post-natal temperature changes than drying alone. Further research on piglet oxygenation is necessary to understand the reason for these reduced temperatures, and whether this treatment affects pre-weaning mortality. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.

Effect of behavioral variables on cooling rate of man in cold water

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1073-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Hayward ◽  
J. D. Eckerson ◽  
M. L. Collis
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Cooling Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ocean Water ◽  
Protective Behaviors ◽  
Control Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Variables

Five different behaviors of man while in cold ocean water (9–10 degrees C) were assessed for their effect on rate of progress into hypothermia. With subjects wearing lifejackets, two thermally protective behaviors were studied which reduce exposure to the water of areas of body surface with high relative heat loss potential. One was huddling of three persons and the other a self-huddle behavior (HELP or Heat Escape Lessening Posture). These two behaviors resulted in significant reductions of rectal temperature cooling rate of 66 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively, of that of a control behavior. With no flotation available, two survival swimming behaviors (treading water and drownproofing) were shown to result in significant increases in cooling rate to 134 per cent and 182 per cent, respectively, of the control behavior. Potential swimming distance of subjects wearing a life-jacket was 0.85 miles in water near 12 degrees C before predicted incapacitation by hypothermia. It was concluded that behavioral variables can be of major importance in determining survival time in cold water through modulation of cooling rate associated with other variables such as fatness, body size, and clothing.

Renal Angiotensin Receptor Type 1 and 2 Upregulation in Intrauterine Growth Restriction of Newborn Piglets

2006 ◽  
Vol 182 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Rüster ◽  
Manfred Sommer ◽  
Günter Stein ◽  
Kathrin Bauer ◽  
Bernd Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Receptor Type ◽  
Angiotensin Receptor ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Newborn Piglets

THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY, DIHYDROERGOTAMINE, AND DIBENZYLINE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RATS TO TOLBUTAMIDE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2189-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary D. Hawkins ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tail Blood ◽  
Adrenalectomized Rats ◽  
Intact Rats

In the rat, the magnitude of the hypoglycaemic response to a dose of tolbutamide (50 mg/kg per os) which does not depress blood glucose levels to the point where adrenal compensatory mechanisms are stimulated is unaffected by adrenalectomy. On the other hand, when a dose is given which induces a greater hypoglycaemia (100 mg/kg per os) a very significant difference between adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals is observed, the adrenalectomized rats displaying a far greater sensitivity to the hypoglycaemic action of this compound. In intact rats, the hypoglycaemia induced by tolbutamide (100 mg/kg per os) is lessened by pretreatment of the animals with Dibenzyline (4 mg/kg) but enhanced by the prior injection of dihydroergotamine (2 mg/kg). Larger doses of dihydroergotamine alone cause a reduction in glucose levels of tail blood which is greater than that found in carotid blood samples withdrawn at the same times.

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