scholarly journals Effect of Feeding Glycerin on Ruminal Environment and In Situ Degradability of Feedstuffs in Young Bulls

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josefa Madrid ◽  
Silvia Martínez ◽  
Carmen Villodre ◽  
Miguel J. López ◽  
Juan Alcázar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

This work studied the effect of feeding glycerin in bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate on the ruminal environment and in situ degradability of feedstuffs. Four ruminally cannulated young bulls were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement of treatments. The diets consisted of 15% barley straw and 85% concentrate in dry matter (DM). There were four different concentrates: without glycerin, and with 20, 40 or 80 g of glycerin per kg of DM. Each diet was offered for 24 days, the ruminal fluid was sampled to evaluate the ruminal metabolism and to determine the ruminal bacterial population by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the in situ degradability of six different feedstuffs was measured. The treatment with the highest level of glycerin provided the lower pH (p < 0.001), and the acetic/propionic molar ratio decreased (p < 0.001) as glycerin increased. The incorporation of glycerin in the diet did not affect the DNA copies/µL of the total bacteria, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus (p > 0.05) in the DNA extract of rumen fluid, but at high levels increased Selenomonas ruminantium (p < 0.01). Very few effects of glycerin incorporation were found for the in situ degradability. In young bulls that were fed high levels of concentrate, glycerin at 20 or 40 g/kg of feed could be included without affecting the ruminal pH and raising the propionic acid, but at 80 g/kg the ruminal pH dropped, despite the increase of Selenomonas ruminantium.

Study of the relation between straw quality and its colonization by rumen micro-organisms

1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Bhat ◽  
R. J. Wallace ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Selenomonas Ruminantium ◽  
Cmcase Activity ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Micro Organisms

SummaryThe relation between the dry-matter degradability (DMD) of different cultivars of barley straw and their colonization by rumen micro-organisms was studied in incubations of straw with the mixed populationin situand with pure cultures of rumen bacteriain vitro.The total attached populationin situwas quantified by particle-associated i glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity, while the cellulolytic population was assessed by bound carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity. CMCase reached a peak between 24 and 36 h incubation, and the peak activity was highly correlated with DMD between 24 ) and 96 h. After 36 h, CMCase activity declined, particularly with the more degradable (varieties. GDH continued to increase after 36 h and had no relation to DMD. The adhesion of pure cultures of both cellulolytic and non-cellulolytic bacteria was measured i turbidimetrically in a 30 min incubation. No relation was found between DMD and the extent of adhesion by any ofRuminococcus flavefaciens, Bacteroides succinogenes,Butyrivibrio fibrisolvensorSelenomonas ruminantium.It was concluded the rate of degradation of straw is not determined by the initial rate of attachment of cellulolytic micro-organisms, but by the way in which colonization subsequently develops after attachment takes place

Effects of roughage type on particle separation, rumination, fiber mat characteristics, in situ degradation, and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine L Lockard ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Kendall J Karr ◽  
Ben P Holland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Collection ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract Six ruminally cannulated steers (average BW = 791 + 71 kg) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square experiment to determine the effects of roughage type on rumination, fiber mat characteristics, and rumen fermentation variables. Three roughages were included at 7% (DM basis) in a steam flaked corn-based diet; cotton burrs (CB), wheat silage (WS), or corn stalks (CS). Steers were fitted with a sensory collar to record rumination behaviors in 2-h intervals at the beginning of the experiment. Each 30-d period consisted of a 7-d of recovery, 14-d of diet adaptation, 7-d of rumination data collection (daily and bi-hourly average rumination), 1-d of rumen fluid collection, and 1-d of rumen evacuations. In situ degradation of individual roughages was determined for 4-d after period 3 evacuations. During rumen evacuations, ruminal contents were removed; the rumen fiber mat (RF) was separated from the liquid portion with a 2 mm sieve, weighed, and a subsample was dried. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with steer as the experimental unit and roughage (CB, WS, and CS) as the main effect. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different for CB and WS (P = 0.25) and greatest for steers consuming CS diet (P  &lt; 0.01). Roughage type did not influence the weight of the RF dry matter (%; DM; P = 0.92), RF weight (P = 0.69), or RF:DMI ratio (P = 0.29). Daily rumination (min/d) did not differ among roughages (P = 0.40), but min of rumination/kg of DMI was greatest for CS (18.0 min), min/kg of NDF was greatest for WS (89.8 min; P = 0.02), and min/kg of peNDF was greatest for CS (132.4 min; P  &lt; 0.01). Wheat silage had the greatest percentage of soluble DM and CB-R and CS-R (P  &lt; 0.01) had the greatest ruminal degraded DM fraction. Rumen fiber mat did not differ for roughages, although rumination min/kg of DMI and peNDF was greatest for steers consuming CS and WS. In situ degradation determined that CB-R and CS-R had the greatest percentage of ruminal degraded DM. Based on the objective of the experiment, roughage type did not influence daily rumination or fiber mat characteristics.

scholarly journals Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Julio Cesar Damasceno ◽  
Luiz Paulo Rigolon ◽  
Ana Paula Silva Possamai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ruminal Ph

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

scholarly journals 79 Effect of source and dietary concentration of trace minerals on serum mineral status, ruminal pH, and ruminal volatile fatty acids in lactating Holstein dairy cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-71
Author(s):  
Nicole T Briggs ◽  
Bayissa Hatew ◽  
Michael A Steele
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Trace Minerals ◽  
Trace Mineral ◽  
Mineral Status ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Dietary Concentration

Abstract Inorganic sources of trace minerals are commonly supplemented in dairy cow diets; however, there has been an increase in the supplementation of minerals complexed with organic compounds. These organic trace minerals are thought to have greater bioavailability which may enhance rumen fermentation and absorption. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary concentration and source of supplemental trace minerals on serum trace mineral status and rumen fermentation. Six lactating Holstein cows were used in a 6 x 6 Latin square design with a 23-day adaptation and 5-day experimental period. Cows were fed the same basal diet daily except for the difference in source [organic (ORG) versus inorganic (INO)] and concentration (50%, 100%, and 200% based on NRC recommendations) of trace mineral supplemented. During the experimental period feed intake and blood were collected daily. Rumen fluid was collected on the final two days of the experimental period. Data was analyzed with PROC MIXED in SAS 9.4. Dry matter intake (18.1 ± 0.70 kg), serum mineral concentrations (Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn), and rumen pH (6.5 ± 0.64) did not differ among the treatments. However, serum concentration of Co was higher in 200% ORG compared to 50% and 100% INO and 50% ORG. Ruminal concentration of acetate was higher in 50% and 100% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Butyrate ruminal concentration was higher at 50% ORG compared to 200% ORG. Ruminal propionate concentration was higher in 50% INO and 50% ORG compared to 100% INO and 200% ORG. These findings demonstrate serum trace mineral status and ruminal pH are not tightly controlled by the source of trace minerals when supplemented at 50%, 100% and 200% of the NRC recommendations, however rumen fermentation may be affected by the dietary concentration of trace minerals in the diet.

scholarly journals PSVII-11 Monensin and supplementation level effects on ruminal parameters and in-situ disappearance of steers receiving bermudagrass

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 299-299
Author(s):  
Jhone de Sousa ◽  
Joao Vendramini ◽  
Philipe Moriel ◽  
Hiran da Silva ◽  
Joao Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Ph

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of monensin and supplementation level on bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in situ disappearance and ruminal parameters. The experiment was conducted in Ona, FL. Treatments were the factorial arrangement of 2 supplementation levels [0.4 (low) or 4 kg/d (high)] and 2 monensin levels (20 mg/kg of the DM intake or no monensin) distributed in a latin square design. Four rumen-cannulated steers were used with 10-d adaptation and 3-d incubation and collection periods. Samples were incubated in the rumen with nylon bags and analyzed for DM, CP, and NDF disappearance. Rumen fluid was collected for 3 d during the incubation period and analyzed for pH, ammonia, propionate, lactate, and butyrate. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of monensin on potential DM, CP, and NDF disappearance; however, greater supplementation level increased (P &lt; 0.03) potential DM disappearance (64 vs. 61%) and NDF disappearance (60 vs. 57%). Steers receiving greater supplementation level had greater (P = 0.01) total DMI (1.4 vs. 1.0% BW) but there was no difference in forage DMI (P = 0.72, mean = 1.0 ± 0.1% BW). There was a monensin × supplementation level interaction on ruminal propionate concentration. The interaction occurred because there was no effect (P = 0.64) of monensin with low supplementation (mean = 12 ± 1.2 mol/100 mol); however, monensin increased propionate on high supplementation from 15 to 19 mol/100 mol. There was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in ruminal ammonia (from 1.9 to 4.4 mg/100 ml) and lactate (from 60 to 64 mol/100 mol) from low to high supplementation. Rumen pH and butyrate were not affected by monensin or supplementation (P &gt; 0.12). Monensin did not change forage disappearance parameters but increased ruminal propionate production in steers receiving greater amount of concentrate.

scholarly journals Effects of lucerne particle size and source of dietary carbohydrates on in situ degradation and ruminal variables in sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Asadi Alamouti ◽  
G.R. Ghorbani ◽  
M. Alikhani ◽  
H.R. Rahmani ◽  
A. Teimouri Yansari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Dietary Carbohydrates ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Degradation Rate Constant ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Feeding Diets ◽  
Kinetics Of

The effects of altering forage particle size and source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates on <I>in situ</I> degradation and ruminal variables were studied in four Iranian male sheep. The study was designed as a Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments including two carbohydrate sources (pelleted beet pulp vs. maize- and barley-based concentrate) and two lucerne particle sizes (2.38 vs. 0.94 mm). Kinetics of disappearance of lucerne, concentrates and mixed samples was studied <I>in situ</I>. Among feed samples, the degradation rate constant of lucerne dry matter was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.02) and disappearance of lucerne neutral detergent fibre (NDF) in 4 h of incubation was lower (<I>P</I> = 0.06) in diets with reduced particle size. The rapidly degradable fraction of lucerne samples was also affected by treatments. Other degradability components were not affected. The mean ruminal pH was lower in diets containing short hay than in those containing long hay (5.76 vs. 5.86, <I>P</I> < 0.006) and pH values were consistently lower immediately after feeding diets with short lucerne hay. The form of carbohydrates did not affect ruminal pH, however, altering the source of carbohydrates changed the pattern of pH over time. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and proportions of individual VFA were similar but numerical differences indicated a lower acetate to propionate ratio in diets with short hay. Most of the affected variables were influenced by the particle size of forage to a larger extent than by the source of rapidly degradable carbohydrates or the interaction between them. So, when sheep diets contain no more than 250 g/kg starch, the source of dietary carbohydrates may not interact with forage particle size to affect DM degradability and ruminal fermentation.

scholarly journals PSXIV-41 Warm-season annual or perennial hay fed to growing beef steers with or without dried distillers grains supplementation: ruminal fermentation characteristics, digestion, and feeding behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 438-439
Author(s):  
Joel D Sugg ◽  
Carly A Hoffmann ◽  
Lucas B Kondratovich
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Eragrostis Tef ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Ruminal Digestion

Abstract The effects of hay type and protein supplementation on intake, feeding behavior, nutrient digestion, and ruminal digestion characteristics were evaluated. Ruminally cannulated Angus beef steers (n = 6; BW = 304 kg ± 11 kg) were randomly assigned within a sequence of treatments using a 4 × 6 unbalanced Latin square design (6 steers; and 4 diets; fed once-daily). A 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used as follows: 1) ‘WW-B. Dahl’ Old World bluestem [Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz) S.T. Blake; WWBD or Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter; TEFF); and 2) dried distillers grain (DDGS) at 0 or 0.5% BW. Each period consisted of a 14-d of adaptation and 7-d collection. Steers were observed (5-min intervals, 24 h) for behavioral assessment; while ruminal pH was continuously measured (wireless pH probe), and ruminal fluid collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 h after-feeding. Steers fed TEFF hay and those fed DDGS (both, P = 0.04) had greater DMI compared to WWBD and not supplemented. Chewing activity did not differ (P ≥ 0.54). Non-supplemented steers spent more time eating hay (P &lt; 0.01) than supplemented steers. Average ruminal pH of TEFF (6.32) was lower (P &gt; 0.01) than WWBD (6.56). Non-supplemented steers produced less in vitro total gas and methane (both, P = 0.02) per g rumen fluid DM. The VFA profile was not affected (P ≥ 0.45) by treatments. Apparent total-tract digestibility and ruminal degradation (P ≤ 0.01) were greater with TEFF fed steers than WWBD. Hemicellulose digestion was reduced by 6.95% (P = 0.03) with DDGS supplementation. An annual hay in place of a conventional perennial hay improved intake, ruminal digestion of nutrients, without affecting feeding behavior, while supplementation with DDGS reduced forage intake time and quantity, without negatively affecting ruminal fiber digestion.

IN SITU DEGRADABILITY OF BARLEY STRAW IN CATTLE FED A BARLEY STRAW AND CRESTED WHEATGRASS DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH ISOBUTYRIC ACID

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. MIR ◽  
Z. MIR
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Isobutyric Acid ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Molar Percent

A feeding trial was conducted using a 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of isobutyric acid (IBA) supplementation of a diet containing 60% barley straw and 37% crested wheatgrass hay, on voluntary intake, rate of passage of solids from the rumen and in situ degradability of barley straw. IBA supplementation at 0, 2 and 4% of dietary dry matter (DM) resulted in voluntary intakes of 6.6, 7.1 and 7.6 kg d−1. Although the rate of passage of solids from the rumen of the diet supplemented with IBA at 4% of DM was 2.82% h−1 and was 1.89 and 1.97 times that of the other two diets, it was not statistically different (P > 0.05). Effective in situ degradability of either DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) of barley straw was not affected by IBA supplementation. However, potentially digestible DM, NDF and ADF were increased at the 4% level of IBA supplementation. Rumen ammonia levels were similar across all treatments and ranged from 5.33 to 5.93 mg dL−1. Supplementation with IBA did not affect molar percent of the rumen volatile fatty acids other than acetic acid and IBA. Although not significant, supplementation of the diet with 4% of dietary DM with IBA resulted in a 13.7% increase in intake. Key words: Cattle, barley straw, in situ degradability, isobutyric acid

Intraruminal propionate supplementation modifies hindlimb energy metabolism without changing the splanchnic release of glucose in growing lambs

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Majdoub ◽  
Michel Vermorel ◽  
Isabelle Ortigues-Marty
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Hepatic Extraction ◽  
Esterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Fluid Supplementation ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Substantial Rise

The influence of propionate supplementation on the splanchnic metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and the supply of glucose to the hindlimb was investigated in growing lambs. Six rumen-cannulated and multicatheterized lambs (32·2 kg), fed frozen rye grass at 690 kJ metabolizable energy intak/ per kg body weight0·75, were infused intraruminally with a salt solution (control) or with propionate solutions at 0·55 mo/ (P1) or 0·98 mo/ (P2) according to a replicated Latin square design. In the rumen fluid, supplementation decreased the acetate:propionate molar ratio from 2·36:1 to 1·37:1, without modifying the ruminal concentrations of acetate and NH4. As a result, the portal appearance of propionate increased by 51 and 72 % with P1 and P2, respectively, and that of L-LACTATE DOUBLED. ACROSS THE Liver, net extraction of propionate increased by 47 and 67 % with P1 and P2, respectively. However, the net hepatic production of glucose remained unchanged, probably as the result of a substantial rise in insulin secretion and its hepatic extraction. Overall, the net splanchnic release of acetate, glucose and butyrate was not modified while that of L-lactate increased. Despite this, the net uptake of acetate, glucose, l-lactate and non-esterified fatty acids by the hindlimb increased. Propionate probably enhanced the storage of energy-yielding nutrients in the hindlimb, despite their unchanged release by the splanchnic tissues and the unmodified insulinaemia. Regulatory mechanisms are not clear.

scholarly journals Comparison of monensin sodium sources for finishing beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor C Husz ◽  
Wyatt N Smith ◽  
Caleb G Lockard ◽  
Megan N Homolka ◽  
Peter T Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation characteristics of ruminally fistulated beef steers consuming a steam-flaked corn (SFC) or dry-rolled corn (DRC) based diet containing either Rumensin 90 (RUM; Elanco, Greenfield, IN), or Monovet 90 (MV; Huvepharma, Peachtree City, GA). Six ruminally fistulated steers (657.7 kg ± 72.6) housed individually were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement. Each of the 6 periods were 15 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 1 d of rumen fluid collections. Dietary treatments were DRC without monensin sodium (DRC-C), SFC without monensin sodium (SFC-C), DRC with Rumensin 90 (DRC-R), DRC with Monovet 90 (DRC-MV), SFC with Rumensin 90 (SFC-R), and SFC with Monovet 90 (SFC-MV). Rumen contents and fluid were collected through the fistula of each animal at 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h on d 15 of each period. Rumen fluid collected at 6 h post-feeding each period was used for in vitro analyses. Steer was the experimental unit and the model included fixed effects of grain processing, additive, and grain processing × additive. Total gas produced was composited from each in vitro bottle into a gas collection bag for the 48-h determination of methane concentration. No differences were detected for DMI (P = 0.81). Ruminal pH did not differ for the control or additive treatments (P = 0.33). However, ruminal pH was lower (P &lt; 0.01) with SFC compared to DRC. There was a significant difference in acetate to propionate ratio for grain type (P = 0.01) and a tendency for additive inclusion (P = 0.06). Additive inclusion reduced methane proportion of total gas compared to control treatments (P ≤ 0.01). Overall, monensin sodium reduced methane concentration though source had no effect on DMI or ruminal pH.

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