scholarly journals Drinking Water with Saccharin Sodium Alters the Microbiota–Gut–Hypothalamus Axis in Guinea Pig

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1875
Author(s):  
Junrong Li ◽  
Shanli Zhu ◽  
Zengpeng Lv ◽  
Hongjian Dai ◽  
Zhe Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Signaling Transduction ◽  
Saccharin Sodium

The effects of saccharin, as a type of sweetener additive, on the metabolism and development of mammals are still controversial. Our previous research revealed that saccharin sodium (SS) promoted the feed intake and growth of guinea pigs. In this experiment, we used the guinea pig model to study the physiological effect of SS in the microbiota–gut–hypothalamus axis. Adding 1.5 mM SS to drinking water increased the serum level of glucose, followed by the improvement in the morphology and barrier function of the ileal villus, such as SS supplementation which increased the villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio. Saccharin sodium (SS) treatment activated the sweet receptor signaling in the ileum and altered GHRP hormone secretion. In the hypothalamus of SS and control (CN) group, RNA-seq identified 1370 differently expressed genes (796 upregulated, 574 downregulated), enriching into the taste signaling transduction, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction. LEfSe analysis suggested that Lactobacillaceae-Lactobacillus was the microbe with significantly increased abundance of ileum microorganisms in the SS-treated group, while Brevinema-Andersonii and Erysipelotrichaceae-Ilebacterium were the microbes with significantly increased abundance of the control. Furthermore, SS treatment significantly enhanced the functions of chemoheterotrophy and fermentation of ileal microflora compared to the CN group. Accordingly, SS treatment increased levels of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and N-valeric acid) in the ileal digesta. In summary, drinking water with 1.5 mM SS activated sweet receptor signaling in the gut and altered GHRP hormone secretion, followed by the taste signaling transduction in the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Short Chain Fatty Acids Effect on Chloride Channel ClC-2 as a Possible Mechanism for Lubiprostone Intestinal Action

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1781
Author(s):  
Marcelo A. Catalán ◽  
Francisca Julio-Kalajzić ◽  
María Isabel Niemeyer ◽  
Luis Pablo Cid ◽  
Francisco V. Sepúlveda
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Synthetic Fatty Acid ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Distal Intestine ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Lubiprostone, a 20-carbon synthetic fatty acid used for the treatment of constipation, is thought to act through an action on Cl− channel ClC-2. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced and absorbed in the distal intestine. We explore whether SCFAs affect ClC-2, re-examine a possible direct effect of lubiprostone on ClC-2, and use mice deficient in ClC-2 to stringently address the hypothesis that the epithelial effect of lubiprostone targets this anion channel. Patch-clamp whole cell recordings of ClC-2 expressed in mammalian cells are used to assay SCFA and lubiprostone effects. Using chamber measurements of ion current in mice deficient in ClC-2 or CFTR channels served to analyze the target of lubiprostone in the distal intestinal epithelium. Intracellular SCFAs had a dual action on ClC-2, partially inhibiting conduction but, importantly, facilitating the voltage activation of ClC-2. Intra- or extracellular lubiprostone had no effect on ClC-2 currents. Lubiprostone elicited a secretory current across colonic epithelia that was increased in mice deficient in ClC-2, consistent with the channel’s proposed proabsorptive function, but absent from those deficient in CFTR. Whilst SCFAs might exert a physiological effect on ClC-2 as part of their known proabsorptive effect, ClC-2 plays no part in the lubiprostone intestinal effect that appears mediated by CFTR activation.

The voluntary intake of acetate by dairy cows given ammonium salts of short-chain fatty acids in their drinking water

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jackson ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

A solution of ammonium salts of a mixture of short-chain fatty acids (mainly acetic acid) was added to the sole source of drinking water of 10 lactating Jersey cows. There was considerable variation in the concentration of salts tolerated without depression in water intake. Some animals refused solution offered at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w) whereas one animal accepted solution at a concentration of 8% (w/w) and had a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 836 g acetic acid.2. Adjustment of the pH of the drinking solution to 6·5–7·5 increased the tolerance to the salts solution of animals which showed a low tolerance to the unadjusted solution. A mean daily intake equivalent to 480 g acetic acid was achieved without a significant depression of water intake. Replacement of 50 % of the ammonium ions by calcium increased the intake of salts by some cows but two out of eight refused the solution at a concentration of 0·5% (w/w).3. The addition of saccharine, vanilla or aniseed to a solution of the ammonium salts gave little or no improvement in acetate intake but sodium cyclamate, ethyl acetate or molasses reduced the variability between animals in their tolerance to the solution and increased the mean intake of salts. With an addition of molasses, which gave the most marked response, there was a mean daily intake of salts equivalent to 495±26 g acetic acid.

scholarly journals Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Porcine Ovaries at Proestrus and Estrus Stages Using RNA-Seq Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songbai Yang ◽  
Xiaolong Zhou ◽  
Yue Pei ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Ke He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Single Organism

Estrus is an important factor for the fecundity of sows, and it is involved in ovulation and hormone secretion in ovaries. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of porcine estrus, the expression patterns of ovarian mRNA at proestrus and estrus stages were analyzed using RNA sequencing technology. A total of 2,167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (P≤0.05, log2  Ratio≥1), of which 784 were upregulated and 1,383 were downregulated in the estrus compared with the proestrus group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in the cellular process, single-organism process, cell and cell part, and binding and metabolic process. In addition, a pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 33 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including cell adhesion molecules, ECM-receptor interaction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed the differential expression of 10 selected DEGs. Many of the novel candidate genes identified in this study will be valuable for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the sow estrous cycle.

Effect of an acidifier as replacement for antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
BA Makanjuola ◽  
OO Obi ◽  
TO Olorungbohunmi ◽  
OA Morakinyo ◽  
BA Boladuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of an acidifier as an alternative to antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty (180) 7-day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments of 4 replicates each. Each replicate had 15 birds. The diets fed to the birds were: Treatment 1- diet with neither antibiotic nor acidifier; Treatment 2- diet with antibiotic and Treatment 3- diet with acidifier. The antibiotic used was Enrofloxacin which was administered to the birds on Treatment 2 via their drinking water while the acidifier used was Biotronic SE (a combination of propionic and formic acids) which was added to the diet of birds on Treatment 3 at the rate of 4kg/tonne of feed. The experiment lasted 42 days. No significant differences were observed in the feed intake, final weight and weight gain of the birds on the different diets. Significant differences were however observed in the villus height in the duodenum and ileum of the birds. The crypt depth values in the different segments of the small intestines of the birds were not significantly affected by the different treatments.Key words: Organic acids, Biotronic SE, Enrofloxacin, Crypt, villus.

Responses in milk yield and composition to the inclusion of ammonium salts of short-chain fatty acids in the drinking water of dairy cows

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jackson ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Jersey Cows ◽  
Friesian Cows

SUMMARYThe effect of introducing a solution of fatty acids (consisting mainly of ammonium acetate) into the drinking water of Jersey and Friesian cows on the yield and composition of milk was investigated. In short-term experiments there were small increases in milk yield and in the yield of fat in Jersey cows receiving either a high-roughage or a high-concentrate diet and in Friesian cows receiving a high-concentrate diet. Friesian cows receiving a high-roughage diet gave no response. In a long-term experiment extending over 16 weeks of lactation with Jersey cows receiving a high-concentrate diet, there was no immediate effect on milk yield but a greater persistency and overall the yield of fat was increased by 5·9%.Inclusion of ammonia salts in the drinking water caused increases in the ammonia contents of rumen liquor and of blood but there was little effect on rumen pH or the volatile fatty acids of rumen liquor.

Growth hormone secretion in the guinea-pig

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gabrielsson ◽  
K. M. Fairhall ◽  
I. C. A. F. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretion ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Dose Dependent Fashion ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The guinea-pig is unusual in that it continues to grow at a normal rate after hypophysectomy. Although its pituitary gland appears to contain a GH, this has not been isolated or characterized, and nothing is known about its secretion or physiological control. We have identified guinea-pig GH, established a sensitive heterologous radioimmunoassay and adapted our automatic blood microsampling method to study spontaneous GH secretion in this species. In male guinea-pigs, GH is released in an episodic pattern, reminiscent of the rat. Large multicomponent pulses of GH secretion occur every 3–4 h between periods of low or undetectable GH release, whereas most females showed a more uniform pulsatile pattern with pulses every 1–2 h. GH was released in response to GH-releasing factor (GRF) injections (2, 10 or 20 μg [Nle27]-GRF(1–29)NH2) in a dose-dependent fashion, and i.v. infusion of somatostatin (50 μg/h) blocked spontaneous GH pulses, eliciting a rebound release (from 2·0±0·8 (s.e.m.) to 36±17 μg/l 30 min after stopping the infusion). Infusions of a GH-releasing hexapeptide (100 or 400 μg/h for 4 h) also released GH. These results provide the first description of the pattern of GH release in the guinea-pig, and suggest that the striking episodic pattern is controlled by the same hypothalamic peptides that regulate GH in other species. Since the guinea-pig grows well in the absence of GH, this species may use GH for its metabolic, rather than growth-promoting actions. The guinea-pig may well prove a useful model, now that methods are available for studying its endogenous GH secretion. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 371–380

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