scholarly journals Effects of Starch Level and a Mixture of Sunflower and Fish Oils on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Ruminal Methane Emissions in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1310
Author(s):  
Babak Darabighane ◽  
Ilma Tapio ◽  
Laura Ventto ◽  
Piia Kairenius ◽  
Tomasz Stefański ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Dietary Oil

Four multiparous dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to examine how starch level and oil mixture impact dry matter (DM) intake and digestibility, milk yield and composition, rumen fermentation, ruminal methane (CH4) emissions, and microbial diversity. Experimental treatments comprised high (HS) or low (LS) levels of starch containing 0 or 30 g of a mixture of sunflower and fish oils (2:1 w/w) per kg diet DM (LSO and HSO, respectively). Intake of DM did not differ between cows fed LS and HS diets while oil supplementation reduced DM intake. Dietary treatments did not affect milk and energy corrected milk yields. There was a tendency to have a lower milk fat concentration due to HSO compared with other treatments. Both high starch level and oil supplementation increased digestibility of gross energy. Cows receiving HS diets had higher levels of total rumen VFA while acetate was lower than LS without any differences in rumen pH, or ruminal CH4 emissions. Although dietary oil supplementation had no impact on rumen fermentation, decreased CH4 emissions (g/day and g/kg milk) were observed with a concomitant increase in Anoplodinium-Diplodinium sp. and Epidinium sp. but a decrease in Christensenellaceae, Ruminococcus sp., Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Mbb. gottschalkii clades.

scholarly journals Effect of a Low-Methane Diet on Performance and Microbiome in Lactating Dairy Cows Accounting for Individual Pre-Trial Methane Emissions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2597
Author(s):  
Juana C. Chagas ◽  
Mohammad Ramin ◽  
Ruth Gomez Exposito ◽  
Hauke Smidt ◽  
Sophie J. Krizsan
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study examined the effects of partly replacing grass silage (GS) with maize silage (MS), with or without rapeseed oil (RSO) supplementation, on methane (CH4) emissions, production performance, and rumen microbiome in the diets of lactating dairy cows. The effect of individual pre-trial CH4-emitting characteristics on dietary emissions mitigation was also examined. Twenty Nordic Red cows at 71 ± 37.2 (mean ± SD) days in milk were assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four dietary treatments (GS, GS supplemented with RSO, GS plus MS, GS plus MS supplemented with RSO) applied in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Partial replacement of GS with MS decreased the intake of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, milk production, yield of milk components, and general nutrient digestibility. Supplementation with RSO decreased the intake of DM and nutrients, energy-corrected milk yield, composition and yield of milk fat and protein, and general digestibility of nutrients, except for crude protein. Individual cow pre-trial measurements of CH4-emitting characteristics had a significant influence on gas emissions but did not alter the magnitude of CH4 emissions. Dietary RSO decreased daily CH4, yield, and intensity. It also increased the relative abundance of rumen Methanosphaera and Succinivibrionaceae and decreased that of Bifidobacteriaceae. There were no effects of dietary MS on CH4 emissions in this study, but supplementation with 41 g RSO/kg of DM reduced daily CH4 emissions from lactating dairy cows by 22.5%.

Effects of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Suphrap ◽  
C. Wachirapakorn ◽  
C. Thamrongyoswittayakul and C. Wongnen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Cassava Pulp ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vegetable oil and yeast fermented cassava pulp (YFCP) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in Thai Friesian dairy cows (Thai native x Holstein Friesian). Eight Thai Friesian dairy cows (447±44 kg.BW) were assigned to 4×4 double latin square design (DLSD) with two sources of oil i.e. palm oil (PO) or soybean oil (SBO) and four levels of YFCP (0, 5, 10 and 20%DM) in the dietary treatments. All cows received total mixed ration (TMR) comprised of rice straw to concentrate at a ratio of 40:60. The results showed that supplementation of SBO had lowered feed intake, nutrients digestibility, metabolize energy intake (MEI), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and methane emission than PO treatment. However, cows received SBO had greater total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4) than cows received on PO (P less than 0.05). In addition, supplementation of YFCP at 10%DM in the diet as an optimum level in dairy cow diets (P greater than 0.05). Finally, the interaction between the addition of SBO and YFCP at 10%DM (SBO+YFCP) had a positive effect on enhancing ether extract intake (EEI) in dairy cows.

scholarly journals The effect of fat supplementation of concentrates on digestion and utilization of energy by productive dairy cows.

1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. van der Honing ◽  
B.J. Wieman ◽  
A. Steg ◽  
B. van Donselaar
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
The One ◽  
Lipid Supplement

Two energy balance experiments each used 6 high-yielding dairy cows. In the first, a 3 X 3 Latin square with one replicate, rations were of 7 kg hay and 11 to 14 kg of concentrates having crude protein 251 g and gross energy 17.9 MJ/kg, given alone or with 5% tallow or 5% soya bean oil. Three weeks of adaptation were followed by 10 to 12 days when excreta were collected and gas exchange estimated. Digestibility and metabolizable energy of concentrates and hay were also assessed using wethers fed to maintenance only. Intakes of DM and digestibility of nutrients other than lipid did not differ among treatments with either sheep or cows. There were no apparent differences in rumen fermentation in the one cannulated cow used, and energy loss in urine was also unaffected. Lipid supplement reduced methane loss. Milk yield and milk energy were increased with tallow, with a simultaneous reduction of milk fat and percentage of protein. Soya bean oil reduced the percentage of milk fat and milk energy produced. The second trial, using similar animals and with similar management had a change-over design in which the concentrate was given alone or with 7% tallow. Results confirmed those of trial 1. The effect of level of feeding on the efficiency of utilization of energy is discussed. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Some effects of unsaturated oils given to dairy cows with rations of different roughage content

1971 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. G. Nicholson ◽  
J. D. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fish Oils ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Dietary Oil ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.

scholarly journals Dietary forage to concentrate ratio and sunflower oil supplement alter rumen fermentation, ruminal methane emissions, and nutrient utilization in lactating cows1

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Bayat ◽  
L. Ventto ◽  
P. Kairenius ◽  
T. Stefański ◽  
H. Leskinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fiber Digestion ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Abstract The effects of supplementing high- or low-concentrate diets with sunflower oil (SO) on rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and ruminal methane (CH4) emissions in lactating cows were examined. Four multiparous Nordic Red dairy cows fitted with rumen cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments and 35-d periods. Experimental treatments comprised iso-nitrogenous total mixed rations based on grass silage with forage to concentrate ratio of 65:35 or 35:65 supplemented with 0 or 50 g/kg diet DM of SO. Apparent ruminal OM and starch digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) with high- than low-concentrate diets but was unaffected by SO. Inclusion of SO in high-concentrate diet decreased (P ≤ 0.05) apparent total tract OM, fiber, and GE, and apparent ruminal fiber digestibility. High-concentrate diets and SO shifted (P < 0.05) fiber digestion from rumen to the hindgut. High-concentrate diet resulted in a lower rumen pH and elevated total rumen VFA concentration compared with low-concentrate diet, whereas SO increased rumen pH and decreased rumen VFA concentration when included in high-, but not low-concentrate diet (P < 0.05 for interaction). High-concentrate diet reduced rumen ammonia-N (P < 0.01) and molar proportion of acetate to propionate (P < 0.01), and decreased (P < 0.05) ruminal CH4 emissions when expressed as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen. With both low- and high-concentrate diets, SO reduced (P < 0.05) daily emissions of CH4 as g/d or g/kg OM digested in the rumen, but SO reduced CH4 emissions expressed as g/kg OM intake, OM digested in total digestive tract, energy-corrected milk or % of GE intake only with low-concentrate diet (P ≤ 0.05 for interaction). In conclusion, replacing grass silage with concentrates led to a reduction in daily ruminal CH4 emissions that were accompanied by a shift in rumen fermentation toward the synthesis of propionate, and decreases in rumen pH and fiber digestion. Sunflower oil was effective in reducing daily CH4 emissions in lactating cows which was accompanied by a noticeable lower feed intake with high- but not low-concentrate diet. Overall the effects of SO and greater proportion of concentrates in the diet on daily CH4 emissions were additive but the additivity declined or vanished when different indices of CH4 emission intensity were considered. Consequently, SO was more effective in reducing CH4 emissions when low-concentrate diet was fed.

Effects of betaine supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance, feed digestibilities and plasma characteristics in dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. WANG ◽  
Q. LIU ◽  
W. Z. YANG ◽  
J. WU ◽  
W. W. ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Plasma Characteristics ◽  
Betaine Supplementation

SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of betaine supplementation on rumen fermentation, lactation performance and plasma characteristics in dairy cows. Twenty multiparous Holstein dairy cows (597±11·8 kg body weight (BW), 88±4·5 days in milk (DIM) and average daily milk production of 26·3±0·5 kg/cow) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square experiment. The treatments were: control (without betaine), low-betaine (LB), medium-betaine (MB) and high-betaine (HB) with 0, 50, 100 and 150 g supplemental anhydrous betaine/cow/day, respectively. Betaine was hand-mixed into the top one-third of the daily ration at feeding. Experimental periods were 30 days with 15 days of adaptation and 15 days of sampling. Dry matter (DM) intake was not affected with increasing the betaine supplementation. There were linear increases in milk yield and fat-corrected milk yield (corrected to 40 g fat/kg) and a linear and quadratic increase in milk fat concentration with increasing the betaine supplementation, whereas the proportion and yield of milk protein and lactose, and feed efficiency, were not affected. Ruminal pH and ammonia N linearly decreased, whereas total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration linearly and quadratically increased with increasing the betaine supplementation. The ratio of acetate to propionate (A:P) linearly increased from 3·06 to 3·53 as betaine supplementation increased. Digestibility of DM linearly increased, whereas digestibilities of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the total tract were quadratically increased with increasing the betaine supplementation. Plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) were lower for betaine supplementation than for control, and were linearly decreased by betaine supplementation. The results indicate that supplementation of mid-lactation dairy cow diets with betaine increased milk yield through increased feed digestion. Betaine supplementation may benefit lactation performance when methionine supply is limiting.

Energy and nitrogen balance of lactating dairy cows given mixtures of urea-treated whole-crop wheat and grass silage

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Sutton ◽  
S. B. Cammell ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
R. H. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Gross Energy

AbstractEnergy and nitrogen balances were carried out with four multi-porous Holstein/Friesian cows offered four diets in a Latin-square experiment to evaluate urea-treated whole-crop wheat as a partial grass silage replacement for lactating dairy cows. Grass silage (GS) was produced from the primary growth of a perennial ryegrass sward. Spring wheat (cv. Axona) was harvested at 603 g dry matter (DM) per kg and preserved with 20 (WCW-20) or 40 (WCW-40)kg urea per t DM. The diets were 6 kg DM of a dairy concentrate daily with one of four forage treatments offered ad libitum. The forage treatments were GS alone, a 2:1 DM ratio of GS with WCW-40 (2:1 40), or a 1:2 DM ratio of GS with WCW-20 (1:2 20) or WCW-40 (1:2 40). Each period lasted 4 weeks with energy and nitrogen balances being carried out in respiration chambers over 6 days in the last week. Replacement of GS by diets containing WCW resulted in significant increases in DM intake (P < 0·01). Changes in milk yield and composition were small and non-significant but yields of milk fat and protein were higher on WCW diets than on GS diets (P< 0·05). With increasing proportions of WCW in the diet there were significant linear falls in apparent digestibility of DM (P < 0·001), organic matter (F < 0·001), neutral-detergent fibre (F < 0·01), acid-detergent fibre (F < 0·01), starch (F < 0·001) and nitrogen (P < 0·01). Gross energy intakes (P < 0·01) and faecal (P < 0·001), methane (P < 0·05) and milk (P < 0·05) energy outputs were higher with the WCW diets than with GS but urine energy and heat losses were unaffected. In consequence there were no significant differences among the diets in digestible or metabolizable energy (ME) intakes. However dietary ME concentrations (MJ ME per kg corrected DM) fell with increasing WCW inclusion from 11·54 on GS to a mean of 9·96 on the 1:2 diets (P < 0·001). It was calculated that the ME concentration of the WCW was only 8·1 MJ/kg corrected DM at maintenance intake, considerably lower than values used conventionally. There were no significant diet effects on the partition of ME or on the partial efficiency of ME utilization for milk production (k1). The increasing inclusion of WCW increased N losses in urine (P < 0·05) and faeces (F < 0·01) with no net effect on N digested or retained though there was a small increase in milk N output (P < 0·01). It is concluded that low digestibility is the major cause of the small milk response to the partial substitution of urea-treated WCW for grass silage with no evidence of a reduction in the efficiency of utilization of ME.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Productive Response and Grazing Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows Supplemented with High Moisture Maize or Cracked Wheat Grazing at Two Herbage Allowances in Spring

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 919
Author(s):  
Verónica M. Merino ◽  
Lorena Leichtle ◽  
Oscar A. Balocchi ◽  
Francisco Lanuza ◽  
Julián Parga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Grazing Behavior

The aim was to determine the effect of the herbage allowance (HA) and supplement type (ST) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production and composition, grazing behavior, rumen function, and blood metabolites of grazing dairy cows in the spring season. Experiment I: 64 Holstein Friesian dairy cows were distributed in a factorial design that tested two levels of daily HA (20 and 30 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow) and two ST (high moisture maize (HMM) and cracked wheat (CW)) distributed in two daily rations (3.5 kg DM/cow/day). Experiment II: four mid-lactation rumen cannulated cows, supplemented with either HMM or CW and managed with the two HAs, were distributed in a Latin square design of 4 × 4, for four 14-d periods to assess ruminal fermentation parameters. HA had no effect on milk production (averaging 23.6 kg/day) or milk fat and protein production (823 g/day and 800 g/day, respectively). Cows supplemented with CW had greater protein concentration (+1.2 g/kg). Herbage DMI averaged 14.17 kg DM/cow.day and total DMI averaged 17.67 kg DM/cow.day and did not differ between treatments. Grazing behavior activities (grazing, rumination, and idling times) and body condition score (BCS) were not affected by HA or ST. Milk and plasma urea concentration increased under the high HA (+0.68 mmol/L and +0.90 mmol/L, respectively). Cows supplemented with HMM had lower milk and plasma urea concentrations (0.72 mmol/L and 0.76 mmol/L less, respectively) and tended (p = 0.054) to have higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate. Ruminal parameters did not differ between treatments.

The effect of genetic merit and concentrate proportion in the diet on nutrient utilization by lactating dairy cows

1999 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. FERRIS ◽  
F. J. GORDON ◽  
D. C. PATTERSON ◽  
M. G. PORTER ◽  
T. YAN
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Gross Energy

Sixty Holstein/Friesian dairy cows, 28 of high genetic merit and 32 of medium genetic merit, were used in a continuous design, 2 (cow genotypes)×4 (concentrate proportion in diet) factorial experiment. High and medium merit animals had Predicted Transmitting Abilities for milk fat plus protein yield, calculated using 1995 as the base year (PTA95 fat plus protein), of 43·3 kg and 1·0 kg respectively. Concentrate proportions in the diet were 0·37, 0·48, 0·59 and 0·70 of total dry matter (DM), with the remainder of the diet being grass silage. During this milk production trial, 24 of these animals, 12 from each genetic merit, representing three animals from each concentrate treatment, were subject to ration digestibility, and nitrogen and energy utilization studies. In addition, the efficiency of energy utilization during the milk production trial was calculated.There were no genotype×concentrate level interactions for any of the variables measured (P>0·05). Neither genetic merit nor concentrate proportion in the diet influenced the digestibility of either the DM or energy components of the ration (P>0·05). When expressed as a proportion of nitrogen intake, medium merit cows exhibited a higher urinary nitrogen output and a lower milk nitrogen output than the high merit cows. Methane energy output, when expressed as a proportion of gross energy intake, was higher for the medium than high merit cows (P<0·05), while urinary energy output tended to decrease with increasing proportion of concentrate in the diet (P<0·05). In the calorimetric studies, neither heat energy production, milk energy output and energy retained, when expressed as a proportion of metabolizable energy intake, nor the efficiency of lactation (kl), were affected by either cow genotype or concentrate proportion in the diet (P>0·05). However when kl was calculated using the production data from the milk production trial the high merit cows were found to have significantly higher kl values than the medium merit cows (0·64 v. 0·59, P<0·05) while k l tended to fall with increasing proportion of concentrate in the ration (P<0·05). However in view of the many assumptions which were used in these latter calculations, a cautious interpretation is required.

An examination of the effects of level of fish oil inclusion in the diet on rumen fermentation parameters in cattle

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 226-226
Author(s):  
C.S. Mayne ◽  
T.W.J. Keady ◽  
D A McConaghy
Keyword(s):  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
European Community ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Concurrent Study ◽  
Liquid Milk ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The current milk quota regime within the European Community restricts both the volume and butterfat content of milk supplies from farms. Reduction in the butterfat concentration of milk enables an increase in liquid milk supplies, provided that the national butterfat base has been exceeded. In a concurrent study (Keady and Mayne, 1998) inclusion of fish oil in the diet of lactating dairy cows depressed butterfat content by up to 15 g/kg, consequently increasing the volume of milk which may be supplied in a quota situation by 0.27. The aim of the present study was to examine if the effects of fish oil inclusion on milk fat content were mediated via changes in rumen fermentation parameters.

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