scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Protein Content

In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.

scholarly journals Milk Production and Energetic Metabolism of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats Supplemented with Propylene Glycol

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fat Depression

Heat-stressed dairy animals increase their reliance on glucose. This elevated glucose demand is partially met by increasing the conversion of glucogenic amino acids (AA) in the liver. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and was not tested in dairy goats under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions simultaneously. We hypothesize that if HS-goats are fed with PG, they would get more glucose and consequently spare more glucogenic AA for milk protein synthesis rather than gluconeogenesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (40.8 ± 1.1 kg body weight; 84 ± 1 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design of 4 periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements, and 2 d of transition). Goats were allocated to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were control (CO) without PG or 5% of PG, and thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. Feed intake, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were measured. Compared to TN, HS goats had lower (p < 0.01) feed intake (–34%), fat-corrected milk (–15%), and milk fat (–15%). Heat-stressed goats also tended (p < 0.10) to produce milk with lower protein (–11%) and lactose (–4%) contents. Propylene glycol increased blood glucose (+7%; p < 0.05), blood insulin (+37%; p < 0.10), and body weight gain (+68%; p < 0.05), but decreased feed intake (–9%; p < 0.10) and milk fat content (–23%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acids (–49%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (–32%) decreased (p < 0.05) by PG. In conclusion, supplementation of heat-stressed dairy goats with propylene glycol caused milk fat depression syndrome, but reduced body weight loss that is typically observed under HS conditions. Supplementation with lower doses of PG would avoid the reduced feed intake and milk fat depression, but this should be tested.

Effects of chronic heat stress on lactational performance and the transcriptomic profile of blood cells in lactating dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Contreras-Jodar ◽  
Ahmed AK Salama ◽  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Mario Vailati-Riboni ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Dairy Animals

High temperature is a major stress that negatively affects welfare, health, and productivity of dairy animals. Heat-stressed animals are more prone to disease, suggesting that their immunity is hindered. Although productive and physiologic responses of dairy animals to heat stress are well known, there is still limited information on the response at the transcriptome level. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in performance and blood transcriptomics of dairy goats under heat stress. Eight multiparous Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid-lactation were assigned to 1 of 2 climatic treatments for 35 d. Treatments and temperature-humidity index (THI) were: (1) thermal neutral (TN: n = 4; 15–20 °C, 40–45%, THI = 59–65), and (2) heat stress (HS: n = 4; 12 h at 37 °C–40%, THI = 86; 12 h at 30 °C–40%, THI = 77). Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Additionally, milk composition was evaluated weekly. Blood samples were collected at d 35 and RNA was extracted for microarray analyses (Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Array). Differences in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between HS and TN goats were maximal during the first 3 d of the experiment, reduced thereafter, but remained significant throughout the 35-d experimental period. Heat stress reduced feed intake, milk yield, milk protein and milk fat contents by 29, 8, 12, and 13%, respectively. Microarray analysis of blood revealed that 55 genes were up-regulated, whereas 88 were down-regulated by HS. Bioinformatics analysis using the Dynamic Impact Approach revealed that 31 biological pathways were impacted by HS. Pathways associated with leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion, hematopoietic cell lineage, calcium signaling, and PPAR signaling were negatively impacted by HS, whereas nucleotide metabolism was activated. In conclusion, heat stress not only negatively affected milk production in dairy goats, but also resulted in alterations in the functionality of immune cells, which would make the immune system of heat-stressed goats less capable of fending-off diseases.

scholarly journals Structural and non-structural carbohydrates in concentrate supplements of silage-based dairy cow rations. 1. Feed intake and milk production.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3B) ◽  
pp. 487-498
Author(s):  
H. de Visser ◽  
P.L. van der Togt ◽  
S. Tamminga
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Silage Maize

A feeding trial was carried out with 64 multiparous dairy cows, in which the effect of type of carbohydrate in concentrate mixtures (starch vs. cell wall constituents) and differences in rumen degradation (fast vs. slow) on feed intake and milk yield were studied. The experiment started immediately after parturition and lasted for 15 wk. The basal diet, which comprised 75% of the total DM intake, consisted of wilted grass silage, maize silage and concentrates. The remaining part of the diet consisted of barley (B), maize (M), pressed ensiled beet pulp (P) or moist ensiled maize bran (MB). All diets were given as totally mixed rations. Total intake of DM and net energy did not differ between diets, but differences were found in energy partition. There was a tendency for cows given diet B to show increased liveweight gain, while cows given P mobilized more body reserves compared with the other treatments. Milk yield did not differ between diets, but milk fat content was higher for diet P. Milk protein content was higher for diets B and M compared with P and MB. The lower protein content of the milk of treatment P can be explained by a longer period of negative energy balance, while the lower milk protein in cows given diet MB probably resulted from reduced microbial protein synthesis. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals The chemical composition and technological properties of milk obtained from the morning and evening milking

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Skýpala ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Morning Milk

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production – milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition – milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk – ti­tra­tab­le acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable aci­di­ty (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

scholarly journals Productive characteristics and body measurements of alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in central Serbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maksimovic ◽  
F. Bauman ◽  
M.P. Petrovic ◽  
V.C. Petrovic ◽  
D. Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Linear Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

Dairy productivity of zaanen type goats hybrids from crossing with the nubian breed bucks

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
М.Ю. САННИКОВ ◽  
С.И. НОВОПАШИНА ◽  
С.А. ХАТАТАЕВ ◽  
Е.И. КИЗИЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Qualitative Characteristics ◽  
Daily Milk

Изучена молочная продуктивность потомства I, II и III поколений при скрещивании молочных коз в типе зааненской породы с козлами нубийской породы. Установлено, что самый высокий удой за лактацию (576,5±11,62) был у чистопородных зааненских коз (n=72) — на 10,8—25,3% (P≦0,05) больше, чем у помесных животных за счет более длительной лактации (на 13,0%). Среднесуточный удой за лактацию был на 2,1% выше у помесей I поколения (n=26), чем у зааненских, на 4,9% — чем у помесей II (n=24) и на 13,5% — чем у помесей III поколений (n=21) (P≦0,05). Козоматки III поколения по содержанию жира превосходили сверстниц на 0,14—0,50 абс. процента, а белка — на 0,18—0,37 абс. процента. Среднесуточное количество молочного жира было выше у помесей I поколения на 0,9—7,3%, молочного белка — на 1,5—5,1%. За счет более продолжительного периода лактации козоматки зааненской породы превосходили своих помесных сверстниц по количеству молочного жира на 5,3—11,8% (1,2—2,5 кг) и по количеству молочного белка — на 7,7—11,3% (1,2—1,7 кг). Таким образом, поглотительное скрещивание является эффективным приемом для получения чистопородных животных нубийской породы. И может быть использовано в качестве селекционного приема в товарных хозяйствах для повышения качественных показателей молока коз в типе зааненской породы. Milk productivity of the offspring of generations I, II, and III during milk goat breeding in the type of the Saanen breed with goats of the Nubian breed was studied. It was found that the highest milk yield per lactation (576.5±11.62) was demonstrated by purebred Saanen goats (n=72) — by 10.8—25.3% (P≦0.05) more than in crossbred animals due to prolonged lactation (by 13.0%). Average daily milk yield per lactation was 2.1% higher in crossbred animals of generation I (n=26) compared to the Saanen breed, 4.9% higher than in crossbred animals of generation II (n=24), and 13.5% higher than in crossbred animals of generation III (n-21) (P≦0.05). By fat content the breeding goats of generation III are superior to their age-mates by 0.14—0.50 absolute percent, and by protein — by 0.18—0.37 absolute percent. Average daily milk fat content was 0.9—7.3% higher in crossbred animals of generation I; average daily milk protein content was 1.5—5.1% higher. Due to prolonged lactation breeding goats of the Saanen breed were superior to their crossbred age-mates in milk fat quantity by 5.3—11.8% (1.2—2.5 kg), and in milk protein quantity — by 7.7—11.3% (1.2—1.7 kg). Accordingly, accumulation cross breeding is an effective method of obtaining purebred animals of the Nubian breed. It can be used as a selection technique in commercial farming to increase qualitative characteristics of goat milk in the type of the Saanen breed.

scholarly journals Effects of subclinical Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection on some physiological parameters, health status and production in dairy cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Jurkovich ◽  
Barbara Bognár ◽  
Krisztián Balogh ◽  
Mária Kovács-Weber ◽  
Kinga Fornyos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Service Period ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference

Milk yield, milk ingredients, health and other, production-related parameters of subclinically infected, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP-) shedding (positive faecal PCR, n = 20) and non-shedding (negative faecal PCR, n = 10) dairy cows were compared in the period from 10 days prepartum to 120 days postpartum. Body condition, rumen fill and faeces scores were lower in the MAP-shedding cows. There was no significant difference in plasma or urine metabolic parameters between the groups. Milk yield and lactose content tended to be lower (P = 0.074 and 0.077, respectively), somatic cell count tended to be higher (P = 0.097), while milk fat content was significantly higher (P = 0.006) in MAP-shedding cows than in the controls. Milk protein content did not differ between the groups. All other health and production parameters [number of reproductive tract treatments, number of udder treatments, number of artificial inseminations (AIs), calving interval, and service period] were significantly better in the control group. It is concluded that MAP infection, even in a subclinical form, has a significant impact on some production and health parameters of dairy cows.

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