scholarly journals Milk Production and Energetic Metabolism of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats Supplemented with Propylene Glycol

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fat Depression

Heat-stressed dairy animals increase their reliance on glucose. This elevated glucose demand is partially met by increasing the conversion of glucogenic amino acids (AA) in the liver. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and was not tested in dairy goats under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions simultaneously. We hypothesize that if HS-goats are fed with PG, they would get more glucose and consequently spare more glucogenic AA for milk protein synthesis rather than gluconeogenesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (40.8 ± 1.1 kg body weight; 84 ± 1 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design of 4 periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements, and 2 d of transition). Goats were allocated to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were control (CO) without PG or 5% of PG, and thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. Feed intake, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were measured. Compared to TN, HS goats had lower (p < 0.01) feed intake (–34%), fat-corrected milk (–15%), and milk fat (–15%). Heat-stressed goats also tended (p < 0.10) to produce milk with lower protein (–11%) and lactose (–4%) contents. Propylene glycol increased blood glucose (+7%; p < 0.05), blood insulin (+37%; p < 0.10), and body weight gain (+68%; p < 0.05), but decreased feed intake (–9%; p < 0.10) and milk fat content (–23%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acids (–49%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (–32%) decreased (p < 0.05) by PG. In conclusion, supplementation of heat-stressed dairy goats with propylene glycol caused milk fat depression syndrome, but reduced body weight loss that is typically observed under HS conditions. Supplementation with lower doses of PG would avoid the reduced feed intake and milk fat depression, but this should be tested.

scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Protein Content

In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENINGKATAN RASIO KONSENTRAT DALAM RANSUM KAMBING PERANAKAN ETTAWAH DI LINGKUNGAN PANAS ALAMI TERHADAP KONSUMSI RANSUM, RESPONS FISIOLOGIS, DAN PERTUMBUHAN

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 351
Author(s):  
Arif Qisthon ◽  
Yusuf Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Hot Environment

ABSTRACT EFFECTS OF INCREASING CONCENTRATE RATIO IN THE RATION OF PERANAKAN ETTAWAH GOAT UNDER NATURAL HEAT  ENVIRONMENT ON FEED INTAKE, PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES, AND GROWTH. The research was conducted to study the effect of increasing the proportion of concentrate in the ration of Peranakan Ettawah (PE) goats. Animals were maintained in a natural hot environment on feed consumption, physiological responses, and body weight gain. The study used three male goats of PE in Latin Square design. Treatment applied was an increase in the proportion of concentrate in three forage-concentrate ratio (F:C), R1 = 85:15%; R2 = 70:30%; and R3 = 55:45%. The results showed that the treatment ratio of F:C had no effect (P> 0.05) in feed intake, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and body weight gain. In contrast, treatment affected significantly (P <0.05) heart rate, as follows R1 vs. R2 and R1 vs. R3, whereas R2 and R3 were not significantly different (P> 0.05). Keywords: Rations, heat stress, physiological, goat

scholarly journals Effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis to heat stressed broiler chickens with or without an antibiotic growth promoter

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibek Chandra Roy ◽  
Sachchidananda Das Chowdhury ◽  
SM Lutful Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Improved Performance

The effects of feeding probiotic (PB) with or without Lincomycin 2.2% (AGP) were investigated in broiler chickens during summer. Seven hundred Cobb-500 one day old straight run broiler chicks were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments each of five replications. Four diets were compared: control; control diet plus PB (Bacillus subtilis DSM17299) at a level of 50g/100kg; control plus (AGP) at a level of 15g/100kg and control plus a combination of PB and AGP (50gm/100kg and 15g/100kg respectively). Control birds were fed on a corn-soybean based starter mash that contained ME 3000 kcal/kg and CP 24.39% from 0-21 days of age and a corn-soybean based grower mash of ME 3100 kcal/kg and CP 20.43% during 22-35 days of age. The records were kept of feed intake (FI), body weight and mortality while weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survivability were calculated. Temperature and humidity were recorded four times daily except during extreme heat stress when measurements were made more frequently. One bird that was close to average of pen weight was taken from each replication at the end of the trial and the birds were sacrificed to determine carcass characteristics. Both performance and carcass yield data were statistically analyzed. Birds that received PB and a combination of PB +AGP treatments showed significant differences (P<0.01) from control with respect to body weight gain and FCR while feeding AGP alone although showed a decrease in feed intake. Abdominal fat was significantly (P<0.01) reduced in PB treated birds. Higher mortality was encountered in control group. Both PB alone and a combination of AGP treatments were able to show improved performance and reduced mortality, feeding PB alone may be practiced on the combined grounds of improved performance, efficiency in combating heat stress and to discourage the use of AGP in broiler diet.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(1): 80-88

EFFECTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL OR GLYCEROL SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE DIET OF DAIRY COWS ON FEED INTAKE, MILK YIELD AND COMPOSITION, AND INCIDENCE OF KETOSIS

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
J. D. ERFLE ◽  
G. A. LODGE ◽  
F. D. SAUER
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Or Efficiency ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Glucose Therapy

In two experiments designed to test the antiketogenic properties of propylene glycol and glycerol, concentrate mixtures containing 3, 6, or 9% propylene glycol or 3 or 6% glycerol were fed for the first 8 wk of lactation to a total of 120 cows. In the first experiment there were no significant effects (P > 0.05) of supplementation on milk yield and composition, feed intake, or energy balance. The cows fed a concentrate mixture containing 6% glycerol appeared to lose less body weight than the control cows or those fed concentrate containing either 3% glycerol or 3% propylene glycol. Cows fed the unsupplemented concentrate mixture were apparently less efficient in utilizing metabolizable energy than cows receiving either of the three supplemented rations but these differences were not significant (P > 0.05). There were no incidences of clinical ketosis and only 14 occurrences of positive ketone reactions in the milk (five on control, three on the 3% propylene glycol, four on 3% glycerol, and two on 6% glycerol). In the second experiment cows were subjected to slightly greater nutritional stress, which resulted in elevated ketone levels in 31 samples of milk from control cows, six from cows fed 3% propylene glycol, two for cows fed 6% propylene glycol, and three for cows fed 9% propylene glycol. Four cows, all on the control ration, developed clinical ketosis requiring glucose therapy. There were no consistent effects of propylene glycol on feed intake, body weight change, or efficiency of ration utilization. Propylene glycol supplementation appeared to increase milk yield at the 3 and 6% level and caused a slight decrease in milk fat and an increase in milk lactose percent.

Effects of anthelmintic treatment on ewe feed intake, digestion, milk production and lamb growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Z. ZHONG ◽  
L. CHENG ◽  
Y. Q. WANG ◽  
X. Z. SUN ◽  
D. W. LUO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Treatment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Daily Body Weight

SUMMARYTwenty Small Tailed Han (STH) and 20 Ujumqin (UJU) ewes naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design, receiving anthelmintic treatment (AT) or non-anthelmintic treatment (NonAT) prior to lambing. After lambing, the effects of AT on feed intake, digestion and milk yield in ewes, and the growth rates of lambs fed their mother's milk were assessed for 28 days. Faecal samples were collected to determine faecal egg counts (FECs), milk was collected to measure milk yield and ewes and lambs were weighed to quantify daily body weight change. The results showed that AT significantly increased ewe dry matter intake (2411 g/d for AT and 2209 g/d for NonAT) and decreased FECs (50 eggs/g for AT and 2655 eggs/g for NonAT). All ewes lost weight after lambing, but body weight loss in the AT (43 g/d) was significantly less than in NonAT (84 g/d), and STH ewes (70 g/d) lost more weight than UJU ewes (58 g/d). Anthelmintic-treated ewes produced more milk for their lambs to consume. However, the extent of these positive effects of AT differed between STH and UJU ewes. The average daily body weight gain of lambs in AT was higher than those in NonAT. In conclusion, effective AT in ewes before lambing benefits subsequent lactation in ewes and growth rate in lambs.

Effects of chronic heat stress on lactational performance and the transcriptomic profile of blood cells in lactating dairy goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Contreras-Jodar ◽  
Ahmed AK Salama ◽  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Mario Vailati-Riboni ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Nucleotide Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Dairy Animals

High temperature is a major stress that negatively affects welfare, health, and productivity of dairy animals. Heat-stressed animals are more prone to disease, suggesting that their immunity is hindered. Although productive and physiologic responses of dairy animals to heat stress are well known, there is still limited information on the response at the transcriptome level. Our objective was to evaluate the changes in performance and blood transcriptomics of dairy goats under heat stress. Eight multiparous Murciano-Granadina dairy goats in mid-lactation were assigned to 1 of 2 climatic treatments for 35 d. Treatments and temperature-humidity index (THI) were: (1) thermal neutral (TN: n = 4; 15–20 °C, 40–45%, THI = 59–65), and (2) heat stress (HS: n = 4; 12 h at 37 °C–40%, THI = 86; 12 h at 30 °C–40%, THI = 77). Rectal temperature, respiratory rate, feed intake and milk yield were recorded daily. Additionally, milk composition was evaluated weekly. Blood samples were collected at d 35 and RNA was extracted for microarray analyses (Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Array). Differences in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between HS and TN goats were maximal during the first 3 d of the experiment, reduced thereafter, but remained significant throughout the 35-d experimental period. Heat stress reduced feed intake, milk yield, milk protein and milk fat contents by 29, 8, 12, and 13%, respectively. Microarray analysis of blood revealed that 55 genes were up-regulated, whereas 88 were down-regulated by HS. Bioinformatics analysis using the Dynamic Impact Approach revealed that 31 biological pathways were impacted by HS. Pathways associated with leukocyte transendothelial migration, cell adhesion, hematopoietic cell lineage, calcium signaling, and PPAR signaling were negatively impacted by HS, whereas nucleotide metabolism was activated. In conclusion, heat stress not only negatively affected milk production in dairy goats, but also resulted in alterations in the functionality of immune cells, which would make the immune system of heat-stressed goats less capable of fending-off diseases.

scholarly journals Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehaba ◽  
Salama ◽  
Such ◽  
Albanell ◽  
Caja
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Carnitine Supplementation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Before And After

Heat stress causes significant losses in milk production, and nutritional strategies are needed to alleviate its effects. Endogenous carnitine synthesis is also reduced by heat stress (HS). Carnitine plays a central role in fatty acid oxidation and buffers the toxic effects of acyl groups. We hypothesized that carnitine supplementation would make up for any carnitine deficiencies during HS and improve lipid metabolism. The objective was to evaluate rumen-protected L-carnitine (CAR) supplementation in dairy goats under thermo-neutral (TN) or HS conditions. Four Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used in a four × four Latin square design. Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a two × two factorial arrangement. Factors were 1) diet: control (CON) or supplementation with CAR (1 g/d); and 2) ambient conditions: TN (15 to 20 °C) or HS (0900 to 2100 h at 35 °C, 2100 to 0900 h at 28 °C). Blood free-, acetyl-, and total-carnitine concentrations increased almost three times by supplementation. Despite this efficient absorption, CAR had no effect on feed intake, milk production or blood metabolites in TN or HS conditions. Heat stress increased rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Additionally, HS goats experienced 26% loss in feed intake, but they tended to eat longer particle sizes. Compared to TN, heat-stressed goats lost more subcutaneous fat (difference in fat thickness measured before and after each period = −0.72 vs. +0.64 mm). In conclusion, supplemented L-carnitine was efficiently absorbed, but it had no lactational effects on performance of goats under thermo-neutral or heat stress conditions.

scholarly journals PSX-8 Effects of dietary concentrate level and limited feed access on feed intake and performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 455-456
Author(s):  
Luana P Ribeiro ◽  
Ryszard Puchala ◽  
Terry A Gipson ◽  
Raquel V Lourencon ◽  
Arthur L Goetsch
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Concentrate Level

Abstract The objective was to determine if effects of different limited feed access treatments on performance by lactating Alpine dairy goats vary with dietary concentrate level. Primiparous (29; 55.2±0.8 kg BW) and multiparous Alpine goats (29; 70.2±1.06 kg) were used in a 24-wk study of 3 8-wk phases beginning at 7.1±0.37 d after kidding. Diets of 40 or 60% concentrate (40C and 60C, respectively) were offered free choice in Calan gate feeders, with access continuously (CON), for 8 h between morning and afternoon milkings (DAY), or for 2 h after each milking (FRH). Although there were many interactions involving phase, ADG during the entire study was greater for CON vs. FRH (P &lt; 0.05; -20, -41, and -61 g for CON, DAY, and FRH, respectively; SEM = 8.6). Intake of DM also was greater for CON than for FRH (P &lt; 0.05; 2.17, 2.03, 2.01, 2.29, 2.07, and 1.80 kg/d for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.093). There were interactions (P &lt; 0.02) between concentrate level and access treatment in milk yield (2.55, 2.41, 2.61, 3.21, 2.66, and 2.27 kg/d; SEM=0.103) and protein concentration (2.65, 2.55, 2.60, 2.67, 2.70, and 2.49%; SEM = 0.042), and milk fat concentration was greatest among treatments (P &lt; 0.05) for FRH (2.79, 2.77, 3.18, 2.86, 2.89, and 3.02% for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.103). As a consequence, milk energy yield was 6.14, 5.70, 6.67, 7.83, 6.58, and 5.61 MJ/d (SEM=0.251) and the ratio of milk energy to DMI was 3.01, 2.87, 3.37, 3.47, 3.28, and 3.18 MJ/kg for 40C-CON, 40C-DAY, 40C-FRH, 60C-CON, 60C-DAY, and 60C-FRH, respectively; SEM=0.123). Overall, limited feeder access treatments did not improve performance and, in fact, the shortest access treatment increased BW loss; however, efficiency of feed DM usage for milk energy yield was not adversely impacted.

scholarly journals Milk Yield and Composition of Mixed-Breed Goats on Rangeland during the Dry Season and the Effect on the Growth of Their Progeny

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Manuel J. Flores-Najera ◽  
Venancio Cuevas-Reyes ◽  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Sergio Beltrán-López ◽  
César A. Meza-Herrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Mixed Breed

We tested whether the milk yield capacity of mixed-breed goats on a Chihuahuan desert rangeland in northern Mexico during the dry season affects milk composition, body weight gain, and weaning weight of their progeny. Milk yield and composition, and progeny postnatal growth performance, were recorded weekly. One week after kidding, mixed-breed goats (a mixture of Criollo × dairy breeds; n = 40) were allotted into medium (MP) or low (LP) milk yielding groups (20 goats per group). Mean 105-d total milk yield for MP and LP goats was 45.2 ± 12.5 and 20.7 ± 5.2 L, respectively. Milk lactose (4.3 vs. 4.2%) and solids-non-fat (SNF; 8.2 vs. 8.0) differed (p < 0.05) between MP and LP goats; milk protein content tended to differ (p = 0.08) between MP and LP goats with no difference for milk fat content (p > 0.05). Maternal body weight was positively associated with milk yield, milk lactose, and SNF content (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Goats giving birth to males produce more milk than goats giving birth to females, but milk fat percentage was higher in goats bearing females (p < 0.001). Milk yield and composition throughout lactation did not influence body weight gain (47.8 vs. 48.7 g/day for kids from MP and LP goats) and weaning weight (6.7 vs. 6.7 kg from MP and LP goats) of the offspring (p > 0.05). Birth weight and weaning weight of the progeny were positively related to maternal body weight (p ≤ 0.05). The postnatal growth of the kids was reduced, extending the time to reach market weight. Nevertheless, non-supplemented mixed-breed goats reared on semi-arid rangeland of northern Mexico have the potential for moderate milk production. Therefore, due to the limited nutrients ingested by grazing goats during the dry season, a nutritional supplement is necessary to keep up milk production and adequate growth of kids.

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