scholarly journals Productive characteristics and body measurements of alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in central Serbia

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Maksimovic ◽  
F. Bauman ◽  
M.P. Petrovic ◽  
V.C. Petrovic ◽  
D. Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Linear Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The purpose of this study was to evaluate present level of productivity and determine linear body traits of Alpine goats raised in Serbia on smallholder farms. Data were collected from 22 smallholder farms located in Belgrade district, with total of 330 purebred Alpine does 2-9 years of age, 145 yearling does and 476 kids. Traits measured were: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and at weaning (90-120 days), prolificacy of mature and yearling (primiparous) does, six linear body traits of does (wither height, body length, hearth girth, chest depth, chest width, pelvic width) and milk production (milk yield, milk fat and milk protein content). The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 54.96 kg, while the average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.73 kg, 8.7 kg and 18.3 kg., respectively. Prolificacy was 144% in mature and 125% in yearling does. Measurements of linear body traits were: wither height 67.87 cm, body length 71.92 cm, hearth girth 81.79 cm, chest depth 32.93, chest width 21.49 cm and pelvic width 17.63 cm. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained: lactation length 220.73 days, total milk yield 531.66 kg, milk fat content 3.33% and milk protein content 3.16%. It was concluded that the overall productivity of Alpine goats raised under smallholder production systems in Serbia is satisfying. Giving the fact that these animals are usually kept under poor conditions, many of these productive traits are very good.

scholarly journals Performance records of autochthonous goats in central Serbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-365
Author(s):  
Nevena Maksimovic ◽  
Dragana Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
Caro Petrovic ◽  
Vlada Pantelic ◽  
Bogdan Cekic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Lactation Length ◽  
Productivity Data ◽  
White Breed ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

The purpose of this study was to determine status, number and present level of productivity of autochthonous goats raised in Central Serbia on smallholder farms. Study included quality breeding animals of Balkan and Serbian white goat breed registered in Central herd book. Productivity data were collected from regular annual performance recordings at 11 smallholder farms for 145 Balkan does (2-9 years of age) and 203 kids and 83 Serbian white does (2-10 years of age) and 109 kids. Traits recorded were as follows: body weight of does, body weight of kids at birth, at the age of 30 days and at weaning, prolificacy of does and milk production. The analysis showed the average body weight of does to be 43.07 kg for Balkan does and 47.42 kg for Serbian white does. Average body weight of kids at birth, 30 days of age and weaning was 2.22 kg, 6.87 kg and 15.71 kg, respectively for Balkan breed and 3.66 kg, 7.24 kg and 14.23 kg for Serbian white breed. Prolificacy was 140% in Balkan and 131% in Serbian white does. Among dairy production traits, following results were obtained for Balkan and Serbian white goat respectively: lactation length 199 and 229 days, total milk yield 257.89 kg and 459.49 kg, milk fat content 4.03% and 3.79%, milk protein content 3.06% and 3.35%. Number of quality breeding animals registered at Central herd book in 2018, as presented in Institute for Animal Husbandry?s annual report for goats for Central Serbia in 2018, was 159 for Balkan and 138 for Serbian white goat. As these breeds represent a valuable and irreplaceable source of genetic variability, as well as very important cultural and traditional heritage and further emphasis should be on preserving and increasing their number.

scholarly journals The chemical composition and technological properties of milk obtained from the morning and evening milking

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Skýpala ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Morning Milk

Milk yield varies during lactation, following what is termed a lactation curve. ŽIŽLAVSKÝ and MIKŠÍK (1988) recorded changes in milk yield within a day, too. TEPLÝ et al. (1979) a KOUŘIMSKÁ et al. (2007) published variation within a day ± 1.10 kg in milk yield, ± 0.75 % in milk fat content and ± 0.20 % in milk protein content. Milk yield of cows can be expressed in many different ways, for instance, in kilograms per lactation or in kilograms per day. A practical parameter describing milk production is milk yield (kg) per milking.The object of experiment were 12 cows of Holstein cattle on the first lactation from the 100-day of lactation to 200-day of lactation. The samples of milk were collected from January to May 2007, once a month from the morning and evening milking (milking interval 12 h ± 15 min.). The following parameters were monitored: milk production – milk yield (kg), milk protein production (kg), milk fat production (kg); milk composition – milk protein content (%), milk fat content (%), lactose content (%), milk solids-not-fat content (%), milk total solids content (%); technological properties of milk – ti­tra­tab­le acidity (SH), active acidity (pH), rennet coagulation time (s), quality of curd (class) and somatic cell count as a parameter of udder health.Highly significant differences were found (P < 0.01) between morning milk yield (15.7 kg) and evening milk yield (13.8 kg), between morning milk protein production (0.51 kg) and evening milk protein production (0.45 kg) and between evening milk fat content (4.41 %) and morning milk fat content (3.95 %). A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between morning milk total solids content (12.62 %) and evening milk total solids content (12.07 %). No significant differences were found between morning (M) and evening (E) values of the remaining parameters: milk fat production (M 0.62 kg; E 0.60 kg), milk protein content (M 3.24 %; E 3.27 %), milk lactose content (M 4.78 %; E 4.86 %), milk solids-not-fat content (M 7.69 %; E 7.71 %), somatic cell count (M 80 000/1 mL; E 101 000/1 mL), titratable aci­di­ty (M 7.75 SH; E 7.64 SH), active acidity (M pH 6.58; E pH 6.61), rennet coagulation time (M 189 s.; E 191 s.), quality of curd (M 1.60 class; E 1.57 class).

The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gavelis ◽  
V. Þilaitis ◽  
A Juozaitis ◽  
V. Juozaitienë ◽  
G. Urbonavièius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

Synthesis of milk protein and opportunities for nutritional manipulation

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 179-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. MacRae ◽  
B.J. Bequette ◽  
L.A. Crompton
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein Biosynthesis ◽  
Secondary Products ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Milk Protein Content

AbstractDietary manipulation of milk fat content and/or fatty acid composition is becoming a feasible, and for certain niche–markets, attractive means of boosting the nutritive value and acceptability of milk and its secondary products. However it is not yet possible to indicate equivalent ways of manipulating milk protein content and/or composition. This paper will consider current knowledge on milk protein biosynthesis and the opportunities for nutritional manipulation. Recent infusion studies which have linked changes in mammary amino acid metabolism with changes in milk protein content will be examined in an attempt to elucidate key features of the metabolic regulation of the dairy cow which need to be addressed if the British consumer is to have the choice of higher protein (possibly designer protein) milk products. This review will (in part) utilise data from a joint project at the Rowett Institute and Reading University funded by a consortium comprising government (MAFF, BBSRC and SOAEFD) and agribusiness (MDC, Purina Mills and Hendrix).

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Protein Content

In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of adding sunflower oil in the ration on some productive traits in Awassi ewes

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-112
Author(s):  
Jassim E. AL-Mosawi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

     This study was designed to investigate the effects of the addition of different ratios of sunflower oil to the diet of Awasi ewes on the rumen fermentation and milk composition. It was conducted by using 12 Awassi ewes (2-3.5 years old) with average body weight 56.62 kg. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups. Each group had four ewes according to the age, body weight and milk yield. The ewe in each group received 1.4 kg/ dry matter for three rations consisting of barley, wheat bran, soybean meal and alfalfa hay. The first group was fed on control ration, while 2.5 and 5 % of sunflower oil were included in the rations of the second and third groups, respectively. The results showed that the treatments had no significant effect on the average body weight, milk production and milk composition (lactose, protein and SNF percentage). Milk Fat percentage was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in second and third groups (4.30 ±0.31 and 4.23 ±0.40) %, respectively as compared with the control group (5.89 ±0.53 %). The pH value of rumen liquor in hours (0 and 3) after feeding showed no significant differences between groups, also there were no significant differences in the volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor in all groups, despite that the volatile fatty acid decreased insignificantly in all treated groups as compared with the control group after feeding. The blood parameters were not affected by the experimental treatments. These results indicated that the fermentation patterns were affected by the increased oil supplementation to the diet of ewes.

scholarly journals EFICÁCIA DA ESPECTROSCOPIA POR ULTRASSOM E DO CONGELAMENTO NA AVALIAÇÃO DA COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA DO LEITE

Nativa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Maura Frare Menegon ◽  
Claudineli Cassia Bueno da Rosa ◽  
Carmen Wobeto ◽  
Marcia Rodrigues Carvalho Oliveira ◽  
Henrique Melo da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ◽  
Milk Protein Content

Objetivou-se avaliar o método de espectroscopia por ultrassom (EU) e o efeito do congelamento do leite nas análises de gordura e proteína do leite de vaca. Cem amostras foram analisadas imediatamente após a coleta em tanque de expansão (in natura), congeladas a -20ºC por 30 dias e novamente analisadas por métodos oficiais (gordura por butirômetro de Gerber e proteína por micro-Kjeldahl) e por EU. Observou-se efeito de interação (P < 0,01) entre o método analítico e congelamento do leite. A EU superestimou (P < 0,01) o teor de gordura e subestimou (P < 0,01) o teor de proteína no leite in natura ou congelado. O congelamento não afetou (P = 0,15) o teor de gordura obtido pelo método oficial, mas reduziu o teor de gordura (P < 0,01) obtido com a EU. O congelamento aumentou (P < 0,01) o teor de proteína obtido pelo método oficial, mas reduziu (P < 0,01) quando obtido por EU. Os teores de gordura e proteína do leite obtidos pelo método de EU são divergentes daqueles obtidos por métodos oficiais, independente da amostra ser in natura ou congelada.Palavras-chave: método analítico; análise química; correlação. EFFICACY OF ULTRASONIC SPECTROSCOPY AND FREEZING IN EVALUATION OF MILK CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ABSTRACT: The objective was to evaluate the ultrasound spectroscopy (US) method and the effect of milk freezing on the cow's milk fat and protein analysis. One hundred samples were collected from one milk tank, immediately analyzed, and frozen at -20ºC for 30 days and analyzed again by official method (fat: Gerber butyrometer, protein: micro-Kjeldahl) and US. It was observed effect of interaction (P < 0.01) between analytical method and milk freezing. Ultrasound spectroscopy overestimated milk fat content and underestimated milk protein content on in natura or frozen. The milk freezing for 30 days did not affect the milk fat content obtained by official method (P = 0.15), but it reduced the milk fat content (P < 0.01) obtained by US. The milk freezing increased (P < 0.01) the milk protein content obtained by official method, but reduced (P <0.01) when obtained from US. The milk fat and protein content obtained by US are different from those obtained by official methods, regardless of the sample is in natura or frozen.Keywords: analytical method; chemical analysis; correlation.

The effect of distillery by-products and molassed sugar beet feed on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows fed a maize silage based total mixed ration

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. H. Phipps ◽  
A. K. Jones ◽  
J.G. Perrot
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Milk Protein Content

An earlier study conducted at the Centre for Dairy Research (Phipps et al. 1996) using a total mixed ration (TMR) based on maize silage, showed that when distillers grains wheat and molassed sugar beet feed (MSBF) replaced cereal and protein supplements, milk yield and dry matter (DM) intake were maintained but there was a large and significant reduction in milk fat and a small but significant reduction in milk protein. This depression in milk protein was attributed to the high oil content of distillers grains, which would have reduced fermentable metabolisable energy intake which in turn may have adversely affected microbial protein synthesis and reduced milk protein content. The aim of the current study was to devise a nutritional regime using distillers grains maize (DGM) and MSBF in a TMR which would allow milk fat content to be substantially reduced without compromising either DM intake, milk yield or milk protein content.

Variation in PLIN2 and its association with milk traits and milk fat composition in dairy cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Y. H. Li ◽  
H. Zhou ◽  
L. Cheng ◽  
J. Zhao ◽  
J. G. H. Hickford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Sequence Variants ◽  
Milk Traits ◽  
Milk Protein Content ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Variation

Abstract The current study investigated associations between variation in the bovine perilipin-2 gene (PLIN2) and milk traits (milk fat content, milk protein content, milk yield and milk fatty acid (FA) component levels) in 409 New Zealand pasture-grazed Holstein-Friesian × Jersey-cross (HF × J-cross or Kiwicross™) cows. Five nucleotide sequence variants were found in three regions of the gene, including c.17C>T in exon 2, c.53A>G in exon 3, c.595+23G>A and c.595+104_595+108del in intron 5, and c.*302T>C in the 3′-untranslated region. The c.*302T>C substitution produces two nucleotide sequence variants (A5 and B5), and this variation was associated with variation in milk protein content and milkfat composition for C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0 and C16:0 FA and medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) groups. After correcting for the effect of variation in the diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 gene (DGAT1) that results in the amino acid substitution p.K232A, variation in the FA binding protein 4 gene (FABP4) and variation in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Δ-9-desaturase) gene (SCD) that results in the amino acids substitution p.A293V, significant differences between A5A5 and B5B5 cows were found for C10:0, C11:0, C12:0, C13:0, C16:0, and the MCFA, LCFA, total saturated FA and C10:1 index groups. This suggests that nucleotide sequence variation in PLIN2 may be affecting milk FA component levels.

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