scholarly journals Strategies for Feeding Unweaned Dairy Beef Cattle to Improve Their Health

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1908
Author(s):  
Maria Devant ◽  
Sonia Marti
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

In order to answer the question of whether nutritional interventions may help to reduce the incidence of respiratory disease in dairy beef calves at arrival, the present review is divided in three sections. In the first section, the nutrition of calves previous to the arrival from the origin farm to the final rearing farm is reviewed. In the second section, the possible consequences of this previous nutrition on gut health and immune status upon arrival to the rearing farm are described. The main consequences of previous nutrition and management that these unweaned calves suffer at arrival are the negative energy balance, the increased intestinal permeability, the oxidative stress, the anemia, and the recovery feed consumption. Finally, in the third section, some considerations to advance in future nutritional strategies are suggested, which are focused on the prevention of the negative consequences of previous nutrition and the recovery of the gut and immune status. Moreover, additional suggestions are formulated that will be also helpful to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) that are not directly linked to nutrition like having a control golden standard in the studies or designing risk categories in order to classify calves as suitable or not to be transported.

scholarly journals Nutritional Interventions to Alleviate the Negative Consequences of Heat Stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Rhoads ◽  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
Jessica K. Suagee ◽  
Sara R. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Nutritional Interventions

scholarly journals Using Nutritional Strategies to Shape the Gastro-Intestinal Tracts of Suckling and Weaned Piglets

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 402
Author(s):  
Anne M.S. Huting ◽  
Anouschka Middelkoop ◽  
Xiaonan Guan ◽  
Francesc Molist
Keyword(s):  
Future Research ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Functional Ingredients ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Creep Feed ◽  
Fermentation Capacity ◽  
Gastric Barrier ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

This is a comprehensive review on the use of nutritional strategies to shape the functioning of the gastro-intestinal tract in suckling and weaned piglets. The progressive development of a piglet’s gut and the associated microbiota and immune system offers a unique window of opportunity for supporting gut health through dietary modulation. This is particularly relevant for large litters, for which sow colostrum and milk are insufficient. The authors have therefore proposed the use of supplemental milk and creep feed with a dual purpose. In addition to providing nutrients to piglets, supplemental milk can also serve as a gut modulator in early life by incorporating functional ingredients with potential long-term benefits. To prepare piglets for weaning, it is important to stimulate the intake of solid feed before weaning, in addition to stimulating the number of piglets eating. The use of functional ingredients in creep feed and a transition diet around the time of weaning helps to habituate piglets to solid feed in general, while also preparing the gut for the digestion and fermentation of specific ingredients. In the first days after weaning (i.e., the acute phase), it is important to maintain high levels of feed intake and focus on nutritional strategies that support good gastric (barrier) function and that avoid overloading the impaired digestion and fermentation capacity of the piglets. In the subsequent maturation phase, the ratio of lysine to energy can be increased gradually in order to stimulate piglet growth. This is because the digestive and fermentation capacity of the piglets is more mature at this stage, thus allowing the inclusion of more fermentable fibres. Taken together, the nutritional strategies addressed in this review provide a structured approach to preparing piglets for success during weaning and the period that follows. The implementation of this approach and the insights to be developed through future research can help to achieve some of the most important goals in pig production: reducing piglet mortality, morbidity and antimicrobial use.

scholarly journals Prenatal Nutritional Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Preterm Birth

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Karen Patricia Best ◽  
Judith Gomersall ◽  
Maria Makrides
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cochrane Review ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
Preterm Babies ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Worldwide, around 15 million preterm babies are born annually, and despite intensive research, the specific mechanisms triggering preterm birth (PTB) remain unclear. Cost-effective primary prevention strategies to reduce PTB are required, and nutritional interventions offer a promising alternative. Nutrients contribute to a variety of mechanisms that are potentially important to preterm delivery, such as infection, inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle contractility. Several observational studies have explored the association between dietary nutrients and/or dietary patterns and PTB, often with contrasting results. Randomized trial evidence on the effects of supplementation with zinc, multiple micronutrients (iron and folic acid), and vitamin D is promising; however, results are inconsistent, and many studies are not adequately powered for outcomes of PTB. Large-scale clinical trials with PTB as the primary outcome are needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn for these nutrients. The strongest evidence to date for a nutritional solution exists for omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), key nutrients in fish. In 2018, a Cochrane Review (including 70 studies) showed that prenatal supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs reduced the risk of PTB and early PTB (EPTB) compared with no omega-3 supplementation. However, the largest trial of omega-3 supplementation in pregnancy, the Omega-3 to Reduce the Incidence of Prematurity (ORIP) trial (<i>n</i> = 5,544), showed no reduction in EPTB and a reduction in PTB only in a prespecified analysis of singleton pregnancies. Exploratory analyses from the ORIP trial found that women with low baseline total omega-3 status were at higher risk of EPTB, and that this risk was substantially reduced with omega-3 supplementation. In contrast, women with replete or high baseline total omega-3 status were already at low risk of EPTB and additional omega-3 supplementation increased the risk of EPTB compared to control. These findings suggest that determining an individual woman’s PUFA status may be the most precise way to inform recommendations to reduce her risk of PTB.

scholarly journals Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Eleftherios Veniamakis ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Endurance Sports ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gastrointestinal Discomfort ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hot Environments ◽  
Ultra Endurance ◽  
Nutritional Strategies

Athletes competing in ultra-endurance sports should manage nutritional issues, especially with regards to energy and fluid balance. An ultra-endurance race, considered a duration of at least 6 h, might induce the energy balance (i.e., energy deficit) in levels that could reach up to ~7000 kcal per day. Such a negative energy balance is a major health and performance concern as it leads to a decrease of both fat and skeletal muscle mass in events such as 24-h swimming, 6-day cycling or 17-day running. Sport anemia caused by heavy exercise and gastrointestinal discomfort, under hot or cold environmental conditions also needs to be considered as a major factor for health and performance in ultra-endurance sports. In addition, fluid losses from sweat can reach up to 2 L/h due to increased metabolic work during prolonged exercise and exercise under hot environments that might result in hypohydration. Athletes are at an increased risk for exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH) and limb swelling when intake of fluids is greater than the volume lost. Optimal pre-race nutritional strategies should aim to increase fat utilization during exercise, and the consumption of fat-rich foods may be considered during the race, as well as carbohydrates, electrolytes, and fluid. Moreover, to reduce the risk of EAH, fluid intake should include sodium in the amounts of 10–25 mmol to reduce the risk of EAH and should be limited to 300–600 mL per hour of the race.

scholarly journals Immune Status and Growth of Broiler Fed Diet with Microparticle Protein Added with Natural Acidifier

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204
Author(s):  
N. Suthama ◽  
B. Sukamto ◽  
I. Mangisah ◽  
L. Krismiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Intact Protein ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Lime Juice ◽  
Randomized Design

The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding effect of diet composed of microparticle protein added with lime juice as an acidifier on immune status and efficiency of protein utilization in relation to the growth of broiler chicken. Dietary treatments tested were P1 was diet with 20% intact protein and CaCO3 as a Ca source, P2 was diet with 20% microparticle protein and eggshell as a Ca source added with 1.2% lime juice, and P3 was diet with 20% microparticle protein and eggshell as a Ca source added with 2.4% lime juice. Variables measured were protein and amino acids digestibility, retentions of N and Ca, fecal Nτ–methyl histidine (Nτ–MH) excretion as a protein turnover index, lymphoid organs, heterophil and lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a body resistance indicator, feed consumption, body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan test at 5% probability. Protein and amino acid digestibility, N, and Ca retentions were significantly (p<0.05) higher in P2 and P3. However, the H/L ratio was significantly (p<0.05) lower in both treatments compared to P1. Bursa fabricius and lymph weights were not difference, but BWG in P2 significantly (p<0.05) increased. In conclusion, protein and some essential amino acids digestibility, N and Ca retentions, IgA, and BWG increase with the decrease in H/L ratio, fecal Nτ–MH, feed consumption, and FCR in broiler fed diet composed of microparticle protein source with additional 1.2 mL acidifier of lime juice.

scholarly journals PSVI-24 Evolution and risk factors of pulmonary lesions evaluated with thoracic ultrasonography in pre-weaned beef calves at arrival at the rearing facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 208-209
Author(s):  
Carolina Tejero ◽  
Maria Devant ◽  
Joan Pujols ◽  
Sonia Marti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Beef Calves ◽  
Pulmonary Lesions ◽  
Current Health ◽  
D 12 ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Transport Type

Abstract Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the main health problems in in pre-weaning calves at rearing farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of pulmonary lesions using a thoracic ultrasonography and its association with predictable risk factors. Thoracic ultrasonography was performed in 811 calves (45–56 kg of BW and 3–4 wk of age) on 5 different rearing facilities at arrival and from d 12 to d 27 after arrival. Thoracic ultrasonography score was classified based on Adams and Buczinski (2016). Weight (light vs heavy), breed (dairy vs crossbred), source (national vs international), season, and number of calves arriving at the facility were recorded and used to evaluate risk factors. Data were analyzed using mixed effects models. At arrival 31% of the calvespresented pulmonary lesions, 21% were mild and 10% severe. After 12–27 d the number of calves without lesion decreased (P &lt; 0.001; 70.3 ± 3.93% vs 34.0 ± 3.93%), number of severe lesions increased (P &lt; 0.001; 8.9% ± 4.78% vs 40.1% ± 4.78%), however mild lesions were constant over time. Percentage of severe pulmonary lesions were greater (P &lt; 0.001) when calves arrived in fall than spring, summer and winter; when calf source (P &lt; 0.001) was international than national; and when their breeds (P &lt; 0.001) were crossbred than dairy. A tendency (P = 0.09) was observed with the increase of severe pulmonary lesions with an increase of animals received by batch. At arrival, calves already had pulmonary lesions that increased in severity over time, therefore current health protocols do not mitigate BRD and more attention should be taken on risk factors such as breed, transport type and season.

scholarly journals Effects of dietary seaweed extract supplementation in sows and post-weaned pigs on performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora and immune status

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Leonard ◽  
T. Sweeney ◽  
B. Bahar ◽  
B. P. Lynch ◽  
J. V. O'Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Seaweed Extract ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Gain

The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of a seaweed extract (SWE) to sows and weaned pigs on post-weaning growth performance, intestinal morphology, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentrations and immune status of pigs at days 11 and 117 post-weaning. Gestating sows (n20) were supplemented with a SWE (0v.10·0 g/d) from day 107 of gestation until weaning (day 26). At weaning, pigs (four pigs per sow) were divided into two groups based on sow diet during lactation and supplemented with a SWE (0v.2·8 g/kg diet), resulting in four treatment groups: (1) BB (basal sows–basal pigs); (2) BS (basal sows–treated pigs); (3) SB (treated sows–basal pigs); (4) SS (treated sows–treated pigs). Pigs weaned from SWE-supplemented sows had a higher average daily gain (ADG) between days 0 and 21 (P < 0·05) post-weaning compared with pigs weaned from non-SWE-supplemented sows. Pigs offered post-weaning diets (PW) containing SWE had decreased colonicEscherichia colipopulations on day 11 (P < 0·01) and decreased colonic Enterobacteriaceae numbers on day 117 (P < 0·05). Pigs offered PW containing SWE had a greater mRNA abundance ofMUC2in the colon at day 11 post-weaning (P < 0·05) compared with pigs offered unsupplemented diets. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that SWE supplementation post-weaning provides a dietary means to improve gut health and to enhance growth performance in starter pigs. Dietary SWE supplementation increased ADG during the grower–finisher (GF) phases. However, there was no growth response to SWE inclusion in GF diets when pigs were weaned from SWE-supplemented sows.

scholarly journals Differential Effects of Breed and Nursing on Early-Life Colonic Microbiota and Immune Status as Revealed in a Cross-Fostering Piglet Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlong Mu ◽  
Gaorui Bian ◽  
Yong Su ◽  
Weiyun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Nursing Mother ◽  
Colonic Microbiota ◽  
Cross Fostering

ABSTRACT Nursing mother and breed can differently regulate early-life microbiota succession in pigs. However, it remains unclear whether they affect gastrointestinal microbiota and immune status, which are critical for early-life gut health. Here, an interspecific cross-fostering piglet model was employed by fostering neonatal Yorkshire and Meishan piglets to the same or another breed of sows. Jejunal and colonic microbiotas and mucosal immune parameters were analyzed at postnatal days 14 (preweaning) and 49 (postweaning). Nursing mother affected 10 genera in the colon and 3 minor genera in the jejunum. At day 14, Meishan sow-nursed piglets had lower Streptococcus suis and higher Cloacibacillus counts in the colonic digesta and larger amounts of interleukin 10 and Foxp3-positive cells in the colonic mucosa than did Yorkshire sow-nursed piglets. At day 49, nursing mother had no significant effects on cytokine expression. Breed effects were observed; Meishan piglets had lower relative abundances of Prevotella and lower gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) than those of Yorkshire piglets at days 14 and 49. Collectively, nursing mother mainly affected preweaning colonic microbiota and immune status, while breed effects persisted after weaning. Piglets nursed by Meishan sows had different microbiota compositions and inflammatory cytokine profiles in the colon compared with those of piglets nursed by Yorkshire sows. These results highlight the different role of nursing mother and breed in affecting early gut microenvironment. IMPORTANCE Early-life gut microbiota and immune status are pivotal for postnatal growth. By using an interspecific cross-fostering piglet model, we find that change in nursing mother transiently reshapes preweaning colon microbiota and immune status, while breed shows persistent effects both pre- and postweaning. Piglets nursed by Meishan sows had lower Streptococcus suis counts and higher anti-inflammatory cytokine expression. These results highlight the significance of nursing mother in regulating early-life gut health.

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