Nutritional Interventions to Alleviate the Negative Consequences of Heat Stress

Robert P. Rhoads; Lance H. Baumgard; Jessica K. Suagee; Sara R. Sanders

doi:10.3945/an.112.003376

Spray-Dried Plasma Improves Body Weight, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Tibia Strength during Experimental Constant Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2213

Author(s):

Jared Ruff ◽

Thaina L. Barros ◽

Joy Campbell ◽

Ricardo González-Esquerra ◽

Christine N. Vuong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Negative Control ◽

Intestinal Barrier Function ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Dextran ◽

Prolonged Heat ◽

Spray Dried

The aim of this study was to see how spray-dried plasma (SDP) supplementation affected broiler chicken performance, intestinal permeability, and bone strength during persistent heat stress. One-day-old chicks (n = 480) were randomly assigned into twelve environmental corrals; four thermoneutral (TN-negative control, maintained at 24 °C from d 21–42); four heat stress (HS, exposed to 35 °C from d 21–42); and four heat stress treated with 2% SDP in the feed until d 28 followed by 1% SDP until d 42 (HS-SDP). The performance and serum levels of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-d) were evaluated at d 21, 28, 35, and 42. The tibias strength was evaluated on d 21 and 42. The increment in chicken temperature (p < 0.05) was observed two h following the increase in environmental temperature in both HS groups and was associated with decreased performance parameters compared with the TN group. At d 42 of age, the chickens exposed to HS had an impaired gut permeability and decreased tibia strength compared to the TN group (p < 0.05). However, partially feeding SDP mitigated these adverse effects significantly. These findings imply that using SDP strategically during stressful times, such as prolonged heat stress, may help mitigate its negative consequences.

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Dietary supplementation of artificial sweetener and capsicum oleoresin as a strategy to mitigate the negative consequences of heat stress on pig performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa131 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Morgan E Biggs ◽

Kellie A Kroscher ◽

Lidan D Zhao ◽

Zhenhe Zhang ◽

Emma H Wall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

High Intensity ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Artificial Sweetener ◽

Monocyte Count ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Environmental Treatment ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Daily Gain

Abstract Pigs exposed to elevated ambient temperatures exhibit reduced daily gain, alterations in muscle and fat deposition, and decreased health. Negative aspects of gastrointestinal (GI) function, integrity, and permeability also occur. High-intensity sweeteners can ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress (HS) by increasing GI glucagon-like peptide-2 production while capsicum oleoresin has been shown to reduce inflammatory response. The effects of an artificial high-intensity sweetener and capsicum oleoresin (CAPS-SUC; TakTik X-Hit, Pancosma, Switzerland) on growth performance of pigs were examined. Forty-eight pigs (12 wk of age, 43.2 ± 4.3 kg) were assigned to six treatments: thermoneutral conditions (21 ± 1.1 °C; 40% to 70% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (TN+) or without supplement (TN−), heat stress (35 ± 1 °C; 20% to 40% relative humidity) fed ad libitum with (HS+) or without supplement (HS−), and thermoneutral conditions pair-fed to HS intake with (PFTN+) or without supplement (PFTN−). Supplementation (0.1 g/kg feed) began 2 d prior to the 3-d environmental treatment period. Body weights (BWs) and blood samples were collected on days −1 and 3. Rectal temperature (RT) and respiration rate (RR) were measured thrice daily and the feed intake (FI) was recorded daily. Intestinal sections were collected for histology. Pigs in HS conditions exhibited increased RT (~1.2 °C) and RR (~2.7-fold) compared with TN and PFTN groups (P < 0.01). HS+ animals had increased RR when compared with HS− animals (P < 0.02). Heat stress decreased FI compared with TN. HS and PFTN decreased (P < 0.05) average daily gain compared with TN. Supplement did not alter the BW gain. HS and PFTN decreased (P < 0.05) Gain:Feed compared with TN during environmental treatment. Supplementation with CAPS–SUC increased Gain:Feed by 0.12 (P < 0.05). Circulating glucose concentrations tended to decrease in CAPS–SUC vs. non-supplemented HS and PFTN animals (P ≤ 0.1). Circulating insulin concentrations as well as monocyte count increased in HS compared with PFTN (P < 0.04) but did not differ from TN and likely linked to altered FI. CAPS–SUC increased basophil count (P < 0.02), irrespective of environment. Ileal villus height tended to decrease during HS and PFTN compared with TN (P < 0.08), indicating an effect of intake. Overall, CAPS–SUC supplementation increased pig feed efficiency and may improve immune response.

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Genetic Selection for Thermotolerance in Ruminants

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9110948 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 948 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Richard Osei-Amponsah ◽

Surinder S. Chauhan ◽

Brian J. Leury ◽

Long Cheng ◽

Brendan Cullen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Production Systems ◽

Genetic Selection ◽

Financial Loss ◽

Protein Food ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Animal Genetic Resource ◽

The Face ◽

Growth Production ◽

Selection For

Variations in climatic variables (temperature, humidity and solar radiation) negatively impact livestock growth, reproduction, and production. Heat stress, for instance, is a source of huge financial loss to livestock production globally. There have been significant advances in physical modifications of animal environment and nutritional interventions as tools of heat stress mitigation. Unfortunately, these are short-term solutions and may be unsustainable, costly, and not applicable to all production systems. Accordingly, there is a need for innovative, practical, and sustainable approaches to overcome the challenges posed by global warming and climate change-induced heat stress. This review highlights attempts to genetically select and breed ruminants for thermotolerance and thereby sustain production in the face of changing climates. One effective way is to incorporate sustainable heat abatement strategies in ruminant production. Improved knowledge of the physiology of ruminant acclimation to harsh environments, the opportunities and tools available for selecting and breeding thermotolerant ruminants, and the matching of animals to appropriate environments should help to minimise the effect of heat stress on sustainable animal genetic resource growth, production, and reproduction to ensure protein food security.

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Dietary supplementation with copper oxide nanoparticles ameliorates chronic heat stress in broiler chickens

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18270 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 254

Author(s):

Seham El-Kassas ◽

Karima El-Naggar ◽

Safaa E. Abdo ◽

Walied Abdo ◽

Abeer A. K. Kirrella ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Copper Oxide ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

Copper Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Degenerative Changes ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Cuo Nps

Aims Heat stress (HS) is one of the most serious problems of poultry production. Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element that plays a crucial role in the organism defence against oxidative stress. Because of the low mineral availability of the commercial Cu salts, in a novel approach, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were used to alleviate chronic heat stress-induced degenerative changes in two commercial broiler strains (Ross 308 and Cobb 500). Methods Birds of each broiler strain were divided into six groups, with three replicates each. The first group (N1) received 100% of the recommended Cu requirements as CuO and was housed under normal temperature (24 ± 2°C), the second and third groups (N2 and N3 respectively) received 100% and 50% of the recommended Cu requirements as CuO-NPs and were housed under normal temperature. The fourth, fifth and sixth groups (H1, H2 and H3 respectively) received the same level of Cu supplementation as did the first, second and third groups respectively, and they were housed under normal temperature until the age of 21 days, and then exposed to HS (33 ± 2°C/5 h per day for two successive weeks). Key results Dietary supplementation with CuO-NPs during HS altered the HS-induced responses of the birds, as confirmed by decreased liver malondehyde (MDA) concentration and enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) mRNA expression levels and enzyme activities (P < 0.001), with a distinct linear association between the gene expression level and enzyme activity. Copper oxide NPs also reduced HS-induced degenerative changes in the hepatic tissue. These nanoparticles modulated, although variably, liver HS protein 70 (HSP70), HS protein 90 (HSP90) and HS factor 3 (HSF3) mRNA transcript levels among Ross and Cobb chickens following HS (P < 0.001). Performance of both strains under HS was improved (as shown by a marked reduction in body temperature (P < 0.001) and a higher bodyweight (P < 0.01)) when CuO-NPs were supplemented in the diet, especially for the birds receiving 50% of the recommended Cu requirement, with different responses being noted in the two strains studied. Conclusion CuO-NPs could be used as a good alternative source of Cu in poultry nutrition during summer. Implications Dietary supplementation of CuO-NPs, especially at 50% of the birds’ recommended requirement, during heat stress could enhance bird performance, lower bird temperature and increase its resistance to negative consequences of elevated temperature.

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Heat stress directly impairs gut integrity and recruits distinct immune cell populations into the bovine intestine

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1820130116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (21) ◽

pp. 10333-10338 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Franziska Koch ◽

Ulrike Thom ◽

Elke Albrecht ◽

Rosemarie Weikard ◽

Wietje Nolte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Ambient Temperature ◽

Defense Mechanism ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Laser Capture ◽

Junction Proteins

High ambient temperature has multiple potential effects on the organism such as hyperthermia, endotoxemia, and/or systemic inflammation. However, it is often difficult to discriminate between cause and consequence of phenotypic effects, such as the indirect influence of heat stress via reduced food intake. Lactating dairy cows are a particularly sensitive model to examine the effects of heat stress due to their intensive metabolic heat production and small surface:volume ratio. Results from this model show heat stress directly induced a so-far unknown infiltration of yet uncategorized cells into the mucosa and submucosa of the jejunum. Due to a pair-feeding design, we can exclude this effect being a consequence of the concurrent heat-induced reduction in feed intake. Isolation and characterization of the infiltrating cells using laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing indicated a myeloic origin and macrophage-like phenotype. Furthermore, targeted transcriptome analyses provided evidence of activated immune- and phagocytosis-related pathways with LPS and cytokines as upstream regulators directly associated with heat stress. Finally, we obtained indication that heat stress may directly alter jejunal tight junction proteins suggesting an impaired intestinal barrier. The penetration of toxic and bacterial compounds during heat stress may have triggered a modulated immune repertoire and induced an antioxidative defense mechanism to maintain homeostasis between commensal bacteria and the jejunal immune system. Our bovine model indicates direct effects of heat stress on the jejunum of mammals already at moderately elevated ambient temperature. These results need to be considered when developing concepts to combat the negative consequences of heat stress.

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Glucose Metabolism and Dynamics of Facilitative Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) under the Influence of Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo10080312 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zaheer Abbas ◽

Abdul Sammad ◽

Lirong Hu ◽

Hao Fang ◽

Qing Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Glucose Metabolism ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Milk Production ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Glucose Transporters ◽

The Body ◽

Whole Body ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Energetic Metabolism

Heat stress is one of the main threats to dairy cow production; in order to resist heat stress, the animal exhibits a variety of physiological and hormonal responses driven by complex molecular mechanisms. Heat-stressed cows have high insulin activity, decreased non-esterified fatty acids, and increased glucose disposal. Glucose, as one of the important biochemical components of the energetic metabolism, is affected at multiple levels by the reciprocal changes in hormonal secretion and adipose metabolism under the influence of heat stress in dairy cattle. Therefore, alterations in glucose metabolism have negative consequences for the animal’s health, production, and reproduction under heat stress. Lactose is a major sugar of milk which is affected by the reshuffle of the whole-body energetic metabolism during heat stress, contributing towards milk production losses. Glucose homeostasis is maintained in the body by one of the glucose transporters’ family called facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs encoded by SLC2A genes). Besides the glucose level, the GLUTs expression level is also significantly changed under the influence of heat stress. This review aims to describe the effect of heat stress on systemic glucose metabolism, facilitative glucose transporters, and its consequences on health and milk production.

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Strategies for Feeding Unweaned Dairy Beef Cattle to Improve Their Health

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10101908 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1908

Author(s):

Maria Devant ◽

Sonia Marti

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Immune Status ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Gut Health ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Beef Calves ◽

Golden Standard ◽

Nutritional Strategies

In order to answer the question of whether nutritional interventions may help to reduce the incidence of respiratory disease in dairy beef calves at arrival, the present review is divided in three sections. In the first section, the nutrition of calves previous to the arrival from the origin farm to the final rearing farm is reviewed. In the second section, the possible consequences of this previous nutrition on gut health and immune status upon arrival to the rearing farm are described. The main consequences of previous nutrition and management that these unweaned calves suffer at arrival are the negative energy balance, the increased intestinal permeability, the oxidative stress, the anemia, and the recovery feed consumption. Finally, in the third section, some considerations to advance in future nutritional strategies are suggested, which are focused on the prevention of the negative consequences of previous nutrition and the recovery of the gut and immune status. Moreover, additional suggestions are formulated that will be also helpful to reduce the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) that are not directly linked to nutrition like having a control golden standard in the studies or designing risk categories in order to classify calves as suitable or not to be transported.

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A postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae attenuates the impact of heat stress in ectothermic and endothermic organisms

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85707-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

J. D. Kaufman ◽

Y. Seidler ◽

H. R. Bailey ◽

L. Whitacre ◽

F. Bargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drosophila Melanogaster ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Aspergillus Oryzae ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Metabolic Efficiency ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Amyloid A ◽

The Impact

AbstractHeat stress is detrimental to food-producing animals and animal productivity remains suboptimal despite the use of heat abatement strategies during summer. Global warming and the increase of frequency and intensity of heatwaves are likely to continue and, thus, exacerbate the problem of heat stress. Heat stress leads to the impairment of physiological and cellular functions of ectothermic and endothermic animals. Therefore, it is critical to conceive ways of protecting animals against the pathological effects of heat stress. In experiments with endothermic animals highly sensitive to heat (Bos taurus), we have previously reported that heat-induced systemic inflammation can be ameliorated in part by nutritional interventions. The experiments conducted in this report described molecular and physiological adaptations to heat stress using Drosophila melanogaster and dairy cow models. In this report, we expand previous work by first demonstrating that the addition of a postbiotic from Aspergillus oryzae (AO) into the culture medium of ectothermic animals (Drosophila melanogaster) improved survival to heat stress from 30 to 58%. This response was associated with downregulation of genes involved in the modulation of oxidative stress and immunity, most notably metallothionein B, C, and D. In line with these results, we subsequently showed that the supplementation with the AO postbiotic to lactating dairy cows experiencing heat stress decreased plasma concentrations of serum amyloid A and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and the expression of interleukin-6 in white blood cells. These alterations were paralleled by increased synthesis of energy-corrected milk and milk components, suggesting enhanced nutrient partitioning to lactogenesis and increased metabolic efficiency. In summary, this work provides evidence that a postbiotic from AO enhances thermal tolerance likely through a mechanism that entails reduced inflammation.

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Errors in Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Estimation of Body Composition Induced by Hypohydration

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism ◽

10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0067 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 60-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez ◽

Stuart D.R. Galloway

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Tissue Mass ◽

Main Trial ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Exercise Interventions ◽

X Ray ◽

Gain Loss ◽

Response To Exercise

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is a popular tool to determine body composition (BC) in athletes, and is used for analysis of fat-free soft tissue mass (FFST) or fat mass (FM) gain/loss in response to exercise or nutritional interventions. The aim of the current study was to assess the effect of exercise-heat stress induced hypohydration (HYP, >2% of body mass (BM) loss) vs. maintenance of euhydration (EUH) on DXA estimates of BC, sum of skinfolds (SF), and impedance (IMP) measurements in athletes. Competitive athletes (23 males and 15 females) recorded morning nude BM for 7 days before the first main trial. Measurements on the first trial day were conducted in a EUH condition, and again after exercise-heat stress induced HYP. On the second trial day, fluid and electrolyte losses were replaced during exercise using a sports drink. A reduction in total BM (1.6 ± 0.4 kg; 2.3 ± 0.4% HYP) and total FFST (1.3 ± 0.4 kg), mainly from trunk (1.1 ± 0.5 kg), was observed using DXA when participants were HYP, reflecting the sweat loss. Estimated fat percent increased (0.3 ± 0.3%), however, total FM did not change (0.1 ± 0.2 kg). SF and IMP declined with HYP (losses of 1.5 ± 2.9% and 1.6 ± 3% respectively) suggesting FM loss. When EUH was maintained there were no significant changes in BM, DXA estimates, or SF values pre to post exercise, but IMP still declined. We conclude that use of DXA for FFST assessment in athletes must ensure a EUH state, particularly when considering changes associated with nutritional or exercise interventions.

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Inflammatory Mediation of Heat Stress-Induced Growth Deficits in Livestock and Its Potential Role as a Target for Nutritional Interventions: A Review

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11123539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3539

Author(s):

Micah S. Most ◽

Dustin T. Yates

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Systemic Inflammation ◽

Muscle Growth ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Well Being ◽

Nutritional Interventions ◽

Formulated Diets ◽

Extreme Heat Events ◽

And Performance ◽

Poor Outcomes

Heat stress is detrimental to well-being and growth performance in livestock, and systemic inflammation arising during chronic heat stress contributes to these poor outcomes. Sustained exposure of muscle and other tissues to inflammation can impair the cellular processes that facilitate muscle growth and intramuscular fat deposition, thus reducing carcass quality and yield. Climate change is expected to produce more frequent extreme heat events, increasing the potential impact of heat stress on sustainable livestock production. Feedlot animals are at particularly high risk for heat stress, as confinement limits their ability to seek cooling from the shade, water, or breeze. Economically practical options to circumvent heat stress in feedlot animals are limited, but understanding the mechanistic role of inflammation in heat stress outcomes may provide the basis for treatment strategies to improve well-being and performance. Feedlot animals receive formulated diets daily, which provides an opportunity to administer oral nutraceuticals and other bioactive products to mitigate heat stress-induced inflammation. In this review, we examine the complex associations between heat stress, systemic inflammation, and dysregulated muscle growth in meat animals. We also present evidence for potential nutraceutical and dietary moderators of inflammation and how they might improve the unique pathophysiology of heat stress.

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