scholarly journals Nutritional Physiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Cattle under the Influence of Heat Stress: Consequences and Opportunities

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Sammad ◽  
Ya Jing Wang ◽  
Saqib Umer ◽  
Hu Lirong ◽  
Imran Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
High Heat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Nutritional Physiology ◽  
The Impact

Higher milk yield and prolificacy of the modern dairy cattle requires high metabolism activities to support them. It causes high heat production by the body, which coupled with increasing environmental temperatures results in heat stress (HS). Production, health, and welfare of modern cattle are severely jeopardized due to their low adaptability to hot conditions. Animal activates a variety of physiological, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms to cope with HS. Traditionally, decreased feed intake is considered as the major factor towards negative energy balance (NEBAL) leading to a decline in milk production. However, reciprocal changes related to insulin; glucose metabolism; failure of adipose mobilization; and skeletal muscle metabolism have appeared to be the major culprits behind HS specific NEBAL. There exists high insulin activity and glucose become preferential energy fuel. Physiological biochemistry of the heat stressed cows is characterized by low-fat reserves derived NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) response, despite high energy demands. Besides these, physiological and gut-associated changes and poor feeding practices can further compromise the welfare and production of the heat-stressed cows. Better understanding of HS specific nutritional physiology and metabolic biochemistry of the dairy cattle will primarily help to devise practical interventions in this context. Proper assessment of the HS in cattle and thereby applying relevant cooling measures at dairy seems to be the basic mitigation approach. Score of the nutritional strategies be applied in the eve of HS should target supporting physiological responses of abatement and fulfilling the deficiencies possessed, such as water and minerals. Second line of abatement constitutes proper feeding, which could augment metabolic activities and synergizes energy support. The third line of supplemental supports should be directed towards modulating the metabolic (propionates, thiazolidinediones, dietary buffers, probiotics, and fermentates) and antioxidant responses (vitamins). Comprehensive understanding of the energetic metabolism dynamics under the impact of incremental heat load and complete outlook of pros and cons of the dietary ameliorating substances together with the discovery of the newer relevant supplementations constitutes the future avenues in this context.

scholarly journals Innovative concepts for the usage of veneer-based hybrid materials in vehicle structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 146442072199839
Author(s):  
DB Heyner ◽  
G Piazza ◽  
E Beeh ◽  
G Seidel ◽  
HE Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Strip ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vehicle Body ◽  
Material System ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Hybrid Beam ◽  
Bending Load ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

A promising approach for the development of sustainable and resource-saving alternatives to conventional material solutions in vehicle structures is the use of renewable raw materials. One group of materials that has particular potential for this application is wood. The specific material properties of wood in the longitudinal fiber direction are comparable to typical construction materials such as steel or aluminum. Due to its comparatively low density, there is a very high lightweight construction potential especially for bending load cases. Structural components of the vehicle body are exposed to very high mechanical loads in the case of crash impact. Depending on the component under consideration, energy has to be absorbed and the structural integrity of the body has to be ensured in order to protect the occupants. The use of natural materials such as wood poses particular challenges for such applications. The material characteristics of wood are dispersed, and depend on environmental factors such as humidity. The aim of the following considerations was to develop a material system to ensure the functional reliability of the component. The test boundary conditions for validation also play a key role in this context. The potential of wood–steel hybrid design based on laminated veneer lumber and steel was investigated for use in a component subjected to crash loads such as the door impact beam. The chosen solution involves a separation of functions. A laminated veneer lumber-based beam was hybridized with a steel strip on the tension side. The steel strip was designed to compensate the comparatively low elongation at fracture of the wood and to ensure the integrity of the beam. The wooden component was designed for high energy absorption due to delamination and controlled failure during the impact, while maintaining the surface moment of inertia, i.e. the bending stiffness of the entire component. This approach was chosen to ensure the functional safety of the component, avoid sudden component failure and utilize the high potential of both materials. The tests carried out provided initial functional proof of the chosen solution. The hybridization achieved significantly higher deformations without sudden failure of the beam. In addition, bending capabilities were increased significantly compared to a beam without hybridization. In comparison with a state-of-the-art steel beam, the hybrid beam was not able to achieve the maximum deformation and the target weight of the hybrid beam. Further optimization of the hybrid beam is therefore necessary.

scholarly journals 262 Heat stress alleviation and dynamic temperature measurement for growing beef cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 192-193
Author(s):  
Sheyenne M Augenstein ◽  
Meredith A Harrison ◽  
Sarah C Klopatek ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Sprinkler Systems ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Heat stress continues to be a challenge for feedlot producers, forcing physiological adaptations in beef cattle that can have a negative impact on gain and carcass quality. Feedlots may want to incorporate systems that aid in mitigating heat stress, including sprinkler systems, which are commonly found on dairies. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sprinkler systems on the body temperature of growing feedlot steers applied at three different temperature thresholds. Thirty-two Angus-cross beef steers (298 ± 15 SD days of age) were randomly assigned to 8 pens. Treatments were assigned to pens according to location to avoid drainage issues, with one replicate located on the eastern side of the feedlot and the other replicate located on the western side. Treatments including no sprinklers (C), high temperature threshold sprinklers (HT), moderate temperature threshold sprinklers (MT) or low temperature threshold sprinklers (LT). Sprinklers (flow rate: 5.11 L/min) were activated at 33°C (HT), 28°C (MT), and 23°C (LT) for five minutes at corresponding temperatures every thirty minutes for 57 days. Rectal temperature of steers in their pens was measured in the morning (0800 h), afternoon (1500 h), and evening (1900 h) three days each week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for a total of 19 experimental days. Weather measurements, including ambient temperature, windspeed, humidity and solar radiation were recorded at each measurement time along with the maximum values for each day. The change in body temperature (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon was affected by ambient temperature (P < 0.01); MT (P = 0.02) and LT (P = 0.02) – different than C. There was no significant difference between sprinkler treatments and the control group (P > 0.05). Day affected (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon (P < 0.05) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.05). When averaged by day, the control group was significantly higher than MT (P = 0.04) between the morning and afternoon. The control group was also significantly higher than LT between the morning and afternoon (P = 0.03) and the afternoon and evening (P < 0.01). The change in steer body temperature between afternoon and morning was affected by ambient temperature, and averaged across days, lowering the temperature threshold for sprinkling decreased in the afternoon and evening body temperature increase in steers.

scholarly journals Milk production, mortality, and economic parameters in the context of heat-stressed dairy cattle.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (062) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Vriezen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Economic Decision Making ◽  
Economic Parameters ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As climate change progresses, higher temperatures and longer periods of extreme weather are likely to increasingly impact the production and health of dairy cattle, in turn affecting farm-level profits and economic decision-making. This review identifies and summarizes the currently available research on the effect of climate-related heat stress or heat stress mitigation measures on milk yield, mortality, and economic parameters on dairy farms. A scoping review approach was adopted to map the volume, range, and characteristics of the existing body of evidence and to identify research gaps. Through a comprehensive search, 286 studies published between 2010 and 2020 were identified and underwent data extraction and analysis. These studies were conducted in 46 countries, and encompassed both research and non-research herds as well as simulation models. The Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) was the most common indicator of heat stress, although a range of atmospheric, physiological, and descriptive indicators were used. Three-quarters of these studies examined at least one heat stress mitigation strategy, such as genetic manipulations, mechanical interventions, and diet manipulation. Approximately 97% of studies evaluated the impact of heat stress on milk yield, and 10% of studies examined at least one economic parameter. Research gaps exist in the analysis of economic parameters related to heat stress in dairy cattle. Given the urgent and increasing nature of climate challenges, additional economic analyses of the effects of heat stress in dairy cattle are needed to inform production and animal health decisions in a rapidly changing environment.

scholarly journals Intensity of growth and development of rainbow trout using feeds Aller Aqua and Aquafeed Fischfutter

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (79) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Pivtorak ◽  
I. Y. Bobel
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
German Producer ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Content Of Oxygen

Due to the rapid development of feed since the early 1990's, efficiency has increased dramatically. The effectiveness is achieved by increasing energy levels, reducing the level of carbohydrates and balancing various nutrients that meet the needs of fish. Improvement of efficiency should be taken into account when determining the amount of ration feeding. The economic efficiency of growing fish depends largely on proper feeding. The feed should be dosed depending on its formulation and size, the physiological state of the fish, the temperature of water and the content of oxygen in it. Salmon fish are demanding oxygen treatment. The content of oxygen in water should be at least 7 mg/l. At a lower oxygen level, the growth of fish is suppressed, and the effectiveness of food is reduced. The optimum temperature of water for growing salmon fish is 14–18 °С. Excessive feeding leads to unproductive feed costs and water pollution, insufficient  feeding leads to incomplete realization of potential opportunities for the rate of growth of fish. The quantity of the daily ration is established taking into account the temperature of water and the mass of fish. Depending on their state, activity and conditions of maintenance, it can fluctuate within ± 20% of the norm. In addition, high fertility densities, unsanitary conditions, illness, low water exchange rates, low oxygen content in water affect the efficiency of feeding in trout farms. Due to the fact that the cost of forage for trout is up to 60% of all costs for its cultivation, the problem of it rational use and saving is at the forefront. When feeding trout it is necessary to take into account that the size of granules for young fish in the length of 4–20 cm should be from 2.2 to 2.6% of the body length (according to Smith), which corresponds to the size of the mouth and the distance between the gill stamens in rainbow trout. Fish is best fed often in small portions. The smaller the fish, the more often feeding. Going on a feed of another size or type should be gradually over 3–5 days. If necessary, it is necessary to use special therapeutic granulated food or a mixture of therapeutic ingredients to add to the wet granules. It is necessary to create optimal conditions for growing and to carry out constant monitoring of water temperature and its fluctuations, oxygen content in water, pH, atmospheric pressure, etc. It is necessary to follow the rules of storage of forages, taking into account that the quality of feed after being stored for more than 3 months is deteriorating. This happens. It may be caused by poor water quality or disease. In order for the fish to get used to a particular feeding regime, it is recommended to do feed it at the same time. Today, the diversity of feeds allows you to get a better feed rate, fast growth and a minimal impact on the environment under different conditions, since the need of  fish in nutrients is fully covered by feeds (energy, protein, minerals and vitamins). The use of Aller Aqua feed guarantees receiving of a strong, healthy fish, thus providing good economic performance to farms. The basis of the research is the analysis of the nutritional value of the feeds of the company Aquafeed Fishsfutter of the German producer and Aller Aqua of the Danish company in the production conditions on the farm of the Western Fish Company PP of Peremyshlyany district, Lviv region. Also we should study fodder, their composition and carry out an objective assessment. It is known that fodder of foreign producers are characterized by higher energy value due to increased fat content, which is achieved by application of the appropriate technology and equipment for vacuum desiccation. For example, Aller Aqua's salmon-based compound feed for protein levels 40–46% contains 15 to 32% lipids and 23–24 MJ/kg of gross energy. Due to the high energy value, these feeds allow to provide the growth of fish at low feed costs. The aim of the work was to analyze the impact of different producers of feed fodder for commodity groups of trout on their growth and the development and receipt of quality commodity products in short terms.

scholarly journals Impact of body condition on postpartum features in morada nova sheep

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Felipe Brener Bezerra de Oliveira ◽  
César Carneiro Linhares Fernandes ◽  
Aline Maia Silva ◽  
Cleidson Manoel Gomes Silva ◽  
Luiz Fernando De Souza Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Impact

This study evaluated the impact of nutritional status of Morada Nova sheep at lambing on the reproductive and productive performance and on the survival of lambs in early weaning system. Nineteen, Morada Nova sheep were assigned to two groups according to body condition score (BCS) at lambing: low BCS (n = 11) and high BCS (n=8) with body condition respectively of (mean ± SD) 2.0 ± 0.3 e 2.9 ± 0.1. From birth until lamb weaning (45 days), sheep were weighed weekly and checked the BCS, loin subcutaneous fat thickness, loin depth, hematological profile, milk composition and production, and every three days, we measured the uterine diameter. Lamb weightings were performed up to one week after weaning (52 days). The lower availability of muscle and fat reserves in the low BCS group negatively affected milk production and consequently performance of suckling lambs. However, the results indicated that the uterine involution process, the reproductive parameters including prolificacy, rate of multiple births, number of white blood cells, milk quality, body weight of lambs at birth and mortality rates were not affected by the body condition. The results allowed to describe the responsiveness to opposite nutritional status of Morada Nova sheep, showing their characteristics of adaptation.

scholarly journals Oligodendrocyte Bioenergetics in Health and Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Rosko ◽  
Victoria N. Smith ◽  
Reiji Yamazaki ◽  
Jeffrey K. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Coupling ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

The human brain weighs approximately 2% of the body; however, it consumes about 20% of a person’s total energy intake. Cellular bioenergetics in the central nervous system involves a delicate balance between biochemical processes engaged in energy conversion and those responsible for respiration. Neurons have high energy demands, which rely on metabolic coupling with glia, such as with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. It has been well established that astrocytes recycle and transport glutamine to neurons to make the essential neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA, as well as shuttle lactate to support energy synthesis in neurons. However, the metabolic role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is less clear. In this review, we discuss the energetic demands of oligodendrocytes in their survival and maturation, the impact of altered oligodendrocyte energetics on disease pathology, and the role of energetic metabolites, taurine, creatine, N-acetylaspartate, and biotin, in regulating oligodendrocyte function.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN SUHU LINGKUNGAN DAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERNAK SAPI PERAH MELALUI PENDEKATAAN STOCHASTIC FRONTIER (Study Kasus di Peternakan Rakyat KUTT Suka Makmur)

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Dela Harini ◽  
Bagus Priyo Purwanto ◽  
Suryahadi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Small Holder

This study observed environmental temperature and rearing management of dairy cattlein KUTT Suka Makmur. This research was aimed to evaluate comparison of environment temperature, productivity, and the technic inefficiency dairy cattle in lowland and highland. Datacollected from 40 respondents in lowland and 40 respondents in highland regions. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production. The results showed that temperatures in the lolands were higher than that of highland, at the range of 24-27 oC, socattle experiencing heat stress, the impact was cattle consumedless feed. In contrast, the highlands temperature relatively low, at range of22-24 oC and produce more milk than that of lowland. The significant variabel of stochastic frontier was herd size about -0.2655 (p<0.10) and -0.2180 (p<0.02) in lowland and highland respectively. Increasing the number of cattle in small holder farms was not efficiencs, due to the increasing in a number of forages and consentrat for the cattle.

scholarly journals Glucose Metabolism and Dynamics of Facilitative Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) under the Influence of Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaheer Abbas ◽  
Abdul Sammad ◽  
Lirong Hu ◽  
Hao Fang ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Glucose Transporters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Energetic Metabolism

Heat stress is one of the main threats to dairy cow production; in order to resist heat stress, the animal exhibits a variety of physiological and hormonal responses driven by complex molecular mechanisms. Heat-stressed cows have high insulin activity, decreased non-esterified fatty acids, and increased glucose disposal. Glucose, as one of the important biochemical components of the energetic metabolism, is affected at multiple levels by the reciprocal changes in hormonal secretion and adipose metabolism under the influence of heat stress in dairy cattle. Therefore, alterations in glucose metabolism have negative consequences for the animal’s health, production, and reproduction under heat stress. Lactose is a major sugar of milk which is affected by the reshuffle of the whole-body energetic metabolism during heat stress, contributing towards milk production losses. Glucose homeostasis is maintained in the body by one of the glucose transporters’ family called facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs encoded by SLC2A genes). Besides the glucose level, the GLUTs expression level is also significantly changed under the influence of heat stress. This review aims to describe the effect of heat stress on systemic glucose metabolism, facilitative glucose transporters, and its consequences on health and milk production.

scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Adaptation of Bovine Granulosa Cells and Oocytes under Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adnan Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Saqib Umer ◽  
Ibrar Muhammad Khan ◽  
Huitao Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Stressed Animal ◽  
Regulate Body Temperature ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Heat stress has long been recognized as a challenging issue that severely influences the reproductive functions of dairy cattle, disrupting oocyte development during fetal growth. These detrimental effects of heat stress are the result of either the hyperthermia associated with heat stress or the physiological adjustments made by the heat-stressed animal to regulate body temperature. In addition, elevated temperatures have been implicated in increasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Thus, understanding the impact of heat stress on reproductive functions, from a cellular to molecular level, might help in selecting heat-resilient dairy cattle and developing heat stress mitigation strategies. In the present paper, we have attempted to describe the changes in the reproductive system and function of dairy cattle in response to heat stress by reviewing the latest literature in this area. The review provides useful knowledge on the cellular and genetic basis of oocyte and granulosa cells in heat-stressed dairy cattle, which could be helpful for future research in this area.

The Impact of Mild Heat Stress and Lameness on the Time Budgets of Dairy Cattle

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel B Cook ◽  
Rebecca L Mentink ◽  
Thomas B Bennett ◽  
Karl Burgi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Mild Heat ◽  
The Impact
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