scholarly journals Water Balance and Nitrate and Salt Exports from a Saline–Sodic Irrigation District in Castelflorite (Huesca, NE Spain)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Raúl Andrés ◽  
Pablo Martín-Ramos ◽  
José Antonio Cuchí
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Arid Environments ◽  
Ne Spain

In the current context of climate change, there is growing interest in the optimization of water management in irrigated areas, in semi-arid environments. The design of adequate adaptation and mitigation measures requires specific data at different scales of the water management hierarchy, up to basin level. In this work, the irrigation and drainage system of San Pedro de Castelflorite Irrigation Community (Huesca province, NE Spain), first set up as a flood irrigation system around 1970 and then modernized to sprinkler irrigation around 2008, was studied over two irrigation seasons. The land in this basin, with a surface of 11,450 ha, is affected by severe sodicity problems, which impedes cultivation in large areas. Most of the drainage water discharges into Clamor Vieja ravine, in which the quantity and quality of drainage, using water, salt, and nitrogen balances, were monitored. The water regime was found to be essentially regulated by irrigation. From the water balance, the consumed and the recoverable fractions were estimated at 76% and 23%, respectively, and the depleted beneficial fraction for the irrigated area at 73%. A predominance of salt dissolution processes over precipitation processes was found, with salt exports of approximately 2000 kg ha−1·year−1. The nitrogen exported by the drainage water was 7 kg N·ha−1·year−1. This value, remarkably lower than those reported for nearby basins in the central Ebro valley, can be attributed to the flooding of rice fields and to the low permeability of the soils present in this basin, which would hamper nitrate washing through the soil profile.

Environmental effects of irrigation modernization in The Violada District (Spain)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mª Teresa Jimenez-Aguirre ◽  
Sifeddine Ouahdani ◽  
Rocío Barros ◽  
Daniel Isidoro
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Nitrogen Loads ◽  
Return Flows ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Return Flows ◽  
Irrigation Modernization

<p>The comparative environmental studies on the modernization of irrigation systems are generally based on different areas with different characteristics (soil, dominant crops, crop management, or even weather conditions), not allowing for comparing the environmental effects in the same pre- and post-modernized irrigation district. Thus, there is a need to analyze the effect of the modernization process through the use of actual, detailed data from the same irrigation district.</p><p>The Violada Irrigation District (VID; 5234 ha, widely studied since the 1980s), with  92% of the surface modernized in 2008-09 form gravity to pressurized irrigation, offers an ideal scenario to evaluate the environmental implications of irrigation modernization.</p><p>The main tools for this evaluation have been (i) the water balance in the VID, to characterize the main irrigation water flows and their concentrations in salts and N, (ii) the soil water balance, to determine the main crops consumption [corn, alfalfa and cereal actual evapotranspiration (ETa)]; and (iii) the farmers surveys to establish fertilization and cropping practices. With all this information under both systems, the differences between the water and nitrogen use efficiencies for the main crops have been established for surface and sprinkler irrigation.</p><p>Comparing periods with similar crop patterns, dominated by corn, the modernization reduced the water abstraction for irrigation, decreased irrigation return flows and increased the consumptive use by the crops. Altogether, the modernization left more high-quality water available for other uses in the basin.</p><p>The irrigation and fertilization management also changed considerably with the modernization, allowing for lower doses with higher frequencies, and increasing the crop yields. Corn (the main crop in VID) showed the highest decrease in nitrogen fertilization. Nevertheless, the total nitrogen inputs to the system slightly increased due to the introduction of double crops. Thus, the corn increased water use efficiency and the nitrogen use efficiency.</p><p>The salt and nitrogen loads exported decreased after modernization, due to the reduced irrigation return flows. Under surface irrigation, the salts leaching was mainly produced during the irrigation season while under sprinkler irrigation, it took place all the year-round, avoiding the higher salt loads to the water bodies during the period of lower flow, when their environmental impact would be higher.</p><p>On the basis of the results obtained, it can be concluded that the modernization of the irrigation system caused a decrease in the flow restored to the basin, reduced the irrigation water depletion and preserved water quality globally. In this way, modernization leaves more water available for further uses and reduces the irrigation return flows and the pollutant loads associated with them. Finally, it was inferred that the salt and nitrogen loads emitted from the VID depend mainly on the irrigation system, and secondly, in regard to nitrogen only, on the prevailing crops.</p>

scholarly journals Canal network effects on the water balance in southeastern Srem

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Enike Gregoric
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Analytical Relationship ◽  
Drainage Canal ◽  
Precipitation Total ◽  
Canal Network

This paper presents the results of research and analyses of the effects of a drainage canal network on the water balance of southeastern Srem. The paper was derived from a doctoral thesis which contains a detailed study of key components of the water balance of southeastern Srem, including actual amounts of water removed via the drainage canal network. A linear multiple regression model was used to establish an analytical relationship between the amounts of evacuated water (a dependent variable) and four key parameters (total precipitation, total potential evapotranspiration, average stage of the Sava River, and average groundwater level - independent variables). This correlation allows for the forecasting of hydrologic events based on historic measured data and provides answers to some important questions regarding water management and soil conservation practices. The efficiency of the drainage canal network is closely linked with its maintenance. The paper shows that canal maintenance is inadequate, mainly due to financial issues. In some parts of the studied area, drainage canals have become virtual open sewers. For this reason, the future development of the drainage system must be part of comprehensive and integrated water management in southeastern Srem. .

scholarly journals Drainmod-Linked Interface for Evaluating Drainage System Response to Climate Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-319
Author(s):  
Nidhi Adhikari ◽  
Paul C. Davidson ◽  
Richard A. Cooke ◽  
Ruth S. Book
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
System Response ◽  
Climate Scenarios ◽  
The Future ◽  
Drainage Water Management

Abstract.This article presents the development of a drainage-climate interface that incorporates climatological data, crop drainage requirements, and drainage theory into a procedure for characterizing drainage system response under different climate scenarios. The drainage-climate interface is suitable for assessing potential county-level impacts of climate change on crop production, soil hydrology and subsequently on subsurface drainage design. Climate model projections from two general circulation models (GCMs), namely CCSM4 (Community Climate System Model) and MIROC5 (Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate), were used to create the climatological database for the drainage-climate interface. DRAINMOD was integrated into the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) portion of the interface to simulate the performance of subsurface drainage systems in Illinois for the near future (2040 to 2069) and the far future (2070 to 2099) periods. Case studies were developed with the interface for Adams and Champaign Counties in Illinois for their predominant soil types. Hydrologic simulations from the interface were used to determine the optimal depth and spacing of tile drains that maximize crop yield for corn and soybean during the mid and late 21st century. Drainage water management (DWM) was incorporated into the drainage-climate interface to investigate the potential of DWM in the future climate scenarios to maintain water quality, reduce nutrient losses and minimize pollutant loading from drained fields by controlling the timing and amount of water discharged from agricultural drainage systems. Results from DRAINMOD simulations with MIROC5 show a significant decline in crop yield due to extreme heat stress. Corn yield in the future showed a severe reduction while the yield for soybean demonstrated a gradual decline over the years. DWM had only a minimal effect on future crop yield trends. The drainage-climate interface simulated subsurface drainage conditions and made evident the consequences of environmental conditions on crop physiological processes under scenarios of climate change predicted by MIROC5. Keywords: Agricultural system models, Climate change impacts, Drainage-climate interface, Drainage water management, Subsurface drainage, Tile drain depth, Tile drain spacing.

scholarly journals Developing Irrigation Management at District Scale Based on Water Monitoring: Study on Lis Valley, Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Gonçalves ◽  
Susana Ferreira ◽  
Manuel Nunes ◽  
Rui Eugénio ◽  
Paula Amador ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Irrigation Districts

Irrigation districts play a decisive role in Portuguese agriculture and require the adaptation to the new water management paradigm through a change in technology and practices compatible with farmers’ technical know-how and economic sustainability. Therefore, improvement of water management, focusing on water savings and increasing farmers’ income, is a priority. In this perspective, an applied research study is being carried out on the gravity-fed Lis Valley Irrigation District to assess the performance of collective water supply, effectiveness of water pumping, and safety of crop production due to the practice of reuse of drainage water. The water balance method was applied at irrigation supply sectors, including gravity and Pumping Irrigation Allocation. The average 2018 irrigation water allocated was 7400 m3/ha, being 9.3% by pumping recharge, with a global efficiency of about 67%. The water quality analysis allowed identifying some risk situations regarding salinization and microbiological issues, justifying action to solve or mitigate the problems, especially at the level of the farmers’ fields, according to the crops and the irrigation systems. Results point to priority actions to consolidate improved water management: better maintenance and conservation of infrastructure of hydraulic infrastructures to reduce water losses and better flow control; implementation of optimal operational plans, to adjust the water demand with distribution; improvement of the on-farm systems with better water application control and maintenance procedures; and improvement of the control of water quality on the water reuse from drainage ditches. The technological innovation is an element of the modernization of irrigation districts that justifies the development of multiple efforts and synergies among stakeholders, namely farmers, water users association, and researchers.

ESTIMATIVA DA NECESSIDADE DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA CULTURA DO MILHO SAFRINHA EM SORRISO-MT POR MÉTODOS AGROCLIMATOLÓGICOS

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
LUIZ RICARDO SOBENKO ◽  
EDER DUARTE FANAYA JÚNIOR ◽  
OTÁVIO NETO ALMEIDA SANTOS ◽  
PATRICIA ANGÉLICA ALVES MARQUES
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Standard Error Estimate

RESUMO - O milho “safrinha” é considerado uma cultura de alto risco devido à baixa disponibilidade hídrica noperíodo em que é cultivado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de dois modelos de estimativade evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), visando realizar o manejo da irrigação, via balanço hídrico, em três cenárioscom índices pluviométricos distintos no município de Sorriso-MT. O estudo foi realizado para uma área de 9,3ha, utilizando-se dados climatológicos diários dos anos considerados médio, seco e úmido para estimativa da ETopelos modelos de Hargreaves-Samani e Priestley-Taylor. Realizou-se o balanço hídrico para a cultura em sistema deirrigação por aspersão convencional com turno de rega fixo de três dias. Consideraram-se os coeficientes de correlação(r), determinação (r2), concordância de Willmott (d), desempenho (c) e estimativa do erro padrão (EEP) avaliando osmodelos comparando-os com os valores estimados pelo método de Penman-Monteith (PM). Os modelos estudadosapresentaram desempenhos “ótimo” e “muito bom” para os três cenários, porém não se mostraram sustentáveis.Geraram-se equações para validar o uso dos modelos estudados para as lâminas que superestimaram PM. O cenárioseco apresentou a maior lâmina total (irrigação e precipitação efetiva), enquanto que o chuvoso demandou menoreslâminas de irrigação.Palavras-chave: balanço hídrico, evapotranspiração, simulação, aspersão, Zea mays L.ESTIMATION OF FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS IN THE OFF-SEASON MAIZE THROUGH AGROCLIMATOLOGICAL METHODSABSTRACT - Off-season maize is considered a high-risk culture due to the low water availability in the growth period.The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimationmodels, in order to carry out irrigation management by water balance, in three scenarios with different rainfall inSorriso-MT. The study was conducted in an area of 9.3 ha, using daily climatological data for the years consideredmedium, dry and wet to estimate the ETo by the models of Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor. The water balancewas made for crop grown under conventional sprinkler irrigation system with fixed irrigation interval of three days.To evaluate the performance, models were considered: the correlation (r) and determination (r²) coefficients, Willmottagreement (d), performance (c) and standard error estimate (EEP), taking Penman-Monteith (PM) as reference. Thestudied models presented performances classified as “great” and “very good” for the three scenarios, but they aren’tsustainable as the correct use of water. Equations were generated to validate the use of the studied models for the waterdepths that overestimated the PM values. The dry year demanded greater total water depths (irrigation and effectiveprecipitation), while the rainy year demanded lower irrigation depths.Keywords: water balance, evapotranspiration, simulation, sprinkler irrigation, Zea mays L.

scholarly journals Water Balance Investigation of Drainage Water Management in Non-Weighing Lysimeters

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Riley ◽  
M. J. Helmers ◽  
P. A. Lawlor ◽  
R. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Drainage Water Management

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Indigenous Floppy Sprinkler Irrigation System for various Crops Water Management

2021 ◽  
pp. 101636
Author(s):  
Sarfraz Hashim ◽  
Alamgir Akhtar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Saifullah ◽  
Khaled Mohamed Khedher ◽  
Muqarrab Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation

ESTIMATIVA DA NECESSIDADE DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA CULTURA DO MILHO SAFRINHA EM SORRISO-MT POR MÉTODOS AGROCLIMATOLÓGICOS

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
LUIZ RICARDO SOBENKO ◽  
EDER DUARTE FANAYA JÚNIOR ◽  
OTÁVIO NETO ALMEIDA SANTOS ◽  
PATRICIA ANGÉLICA ALVES MARQUES
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Climatological Data ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Standard Error Estimate ◽  
Water Depths

RESUMO - O milho “safrinha” é considerado uma cultura de alto risco devido à baixa disponibilidade hídrica no período em que é cultivado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o desempenho de dois modelos de estimativa de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), visando realizar o manejo da irrigação, via balanço hídrico, em três cenários com índices pluviométricos distintos no município de Sorriso-MT. O estudo foi realizado para uma área de 9,3 ha, utilizando-se dados climatológicos diários dos anos considerados médio, seco e úmido para estimativa da ETo pelos modelos de Hargreaves-Samani e Priestley-Taylor. Realizou-se o balanço hídrico para a cultura em sistema de irrigação por aspersão convencional com turno de rega fixo de três dias. Consideraram-se os coeficientes de correlação (r), determinação (r2), concordância de Willmott (d), desempenho (c) e estimativa do erro padrão (EEP) avaliando os modelos comparando-os com os valores estimados pelo método de Penman-Monteith (PM). Os modelos estudados apresentaram desempenhos “ótimo” e “muito bom” para os três cenários, porém não se mostraram sustentáveis. Geraram-se equações para validar o uso dos modelos estudados para as lâminas que superestimaram PM. O cenário seco apresentou a maior lâmina total (irrigação e precipitação efetiva), enquanto que o chuvoso demandou menores lâminas de irrigação.Palavras-chave: balanço hídrico, evapotranspiração, simulação, aspersão, Zea mays L.ESTIMATION OF FERTILIZATION REQUIREMENTS IN THE OFF-SEASON MAIZE THROUGH AGROCLIMATOLOGICAL METHODSABSTRACT - Off-season maize is considered a high-risk culture due to the low water availability in the growth period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation models, in order to carry out irrigation management by water balance, in three scenarios with different rainfall in Sorriso-MT. The study was conducted in an area of 9.3 ha, using daily climatological data for the years considered medium, dry and wet to estimate the ETo by the models of Hargreaves-Samani and Priestley-Taylor. The water balance was made for crop grown under conventional sprinkler irrigation system with fixed irrigation interval of three days. To evaluate the performance, models were considered: the correlation (r) and determination (r²) coefficients, Willmott agreement (d), performance (c) and standard error estimate (EEP), taking Penman-Monteith (PM) as reference. The studied models presented performances classified as “great” and “very good” for the three scenarios, but they aren’t sustainable as the correct use of water. Equations were generated to validate the use of the studied models for the water depths that overestimated the PM values. The dry year demanded greater total water depths (irrigation and effective precipitation), while the rainy year demanded lower irrigation depths.Keywords: water balance, evapotranspiration, simulation, sprinkler irrigation, Zea mays L.

scholarly journals EEWMP: An IoT-Based Energy-Efficient Water Management Platform for Smart Irrigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Rafi Ullah ◽  
Arbab Waseem Abbas ◽  
Mohib Ullah ◽  
Rafi Ullah Khan ◽  
Irfan Ullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Stability ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Management Platform ◽  
Smart Water

Precision agriculture is now essential in today’s world, especially for countries with limited water resources, fertile land, and enormous population. Smart irrigation systems can help countries efficiently utilize fresh water and use the excess water for barren lands. Smart water management platform (SWAMP) is an IoT-based smart irrigation project designed for efficient freshwater utilization in agriculture. The primary aim of SWAMP is to auto manage water reserves, distribution, and consumption of various levels, avoid over-irrigation and under-irrigation problems, and auto manage time to maximize production. This research proposed an energy-efficient water management platform (EEWMP), an improved version of SWAMP. EEWMP is an IoT-based smart irrigation system that uses field-deployed sensors, sinks, fusion centres, and open-source clouds. Both models’ performance is evaluated in energy consumption, network stability period, packet sent to destination, and packet delivery ratio. The experimental results show that EEWMP consumes 30% less energy and increases network stability twice than SWAMP. EEWMP can be used in different irrigation models such as drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, surface irrigation, and lateral move irrigation with subtle alterations. Moreover, it can also be used in small farms of third-world countries with their existing communication infrastructures such as 2G or 3G.

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