scholarly journals Fecal Bile Acids Profile of Crewmembers Consuming the Same Space Food in a Spacecraft Simulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Sheng Dong ◽  
Qi-Bing Shen ◽  
Hai-Yun Lan ◽  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Ping Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Fecal Bile Acids ◽  
New Perspective

Introduction: Recently, bile acids (BAs) are increasingly being considered as unique metabolic integrators and not just for the cholesterol metabolism and absorption of dietary lipids. Human BAs profiles are evolved to be individual under different environmental, dietary, and inherited factors. Variation of BAs for crewmembers from freshly prepared kitchen diets to wholly prepackaged industrial foods in a ground-based spacecraft simulator has not been clearly interpreted.Methods: Three crewmembers were confined in a docked spacecraft and supplied with 7 days periodic wholly prepackaged industrial foods for 50 days. Fecal samples were collected before entry in the spacecraft simulator and after evacuation. Determination of 16 kinds of BAs was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method.Results: Bile acids metabolism is sensitive to diet and environment transition from freshly prepared kitchen diets in the canteen to wholly prepackaged industrial foods in a ground-based spacecraft simulator, which is also specific to individuals. A significant positive relationship with a coefficient of 0.85 was found for primary BAs as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and cholic acid (CA), and a significantly negative relationship with a coefficient of −0.69 for secondary BAs as lithocholic acid (LCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA).Discussion: The profile of BA metabolism of individuals who share the same food in the same environment appears to be unique, suggesting that the inherent ability of different individuals to adapt to diet and environment varies. Since the transition from the free diet in open space to whole prepackaged space food diet in a space station simulator causes the variations of BAs pool in an individual manner, assessment of BA metabolic profiles provides a new perspective for personalized diet design, astronaut selection and training, and space flight diet acclimatization.

Effects of FL-386 on Faecal Lipid Excretion in Humans

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nakamura ◽  
K Takebe ◽  
N Yamada ◽  
Y Arai ◽  
Y Tandoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Micelle Formation ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Neutral Sterols

A newly synthesized inhibitor of pancreatic lipase and micelle formation, FL-386, was administered at a dose of 400 mg (in the diet, for seven consecutive days) to nine healthy adult volunteers, and changes in faecal mass, frequency of defaecation, and properties of the stools were observed. High performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography were used to analyse the faeces for short-chain carboxylic acids, neutral sterols, bile acids, fats and hydroxyfatty acids. FL-386 had little effect on the amounts and composition of short-chain carboxylic acids, neutral sterols, and bile acids excreted, nor did it produce changes in the composition of fatty acids, or the percentages of hydroxyfatty acids in the stool. However, in those patients treated with FL-386, the faecal mass was increased, and stools were softer and contained increased amounts of fatty acids. The compound did not produce particularly fatty stools. It was concluded that FL-386 induces slight disturbance in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

scholarly journals Decoding the vasoregulatory activities of bile acid-activated receptors in systemic and portal circulation: role of gaseous mediators

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (1) ◽  
pp. H21-H32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Fiorucci ◽  
Angela Zampella ◽  
Giuseppe Cirino ◽  
Mariarosaria Bucci ◽  
Eleonora Distrutti
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Complex Disorders ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Symbiotic Relation ◽  
Species Specific

Bile acids are end products of cholesterol metabolism generated in the liver and released in the intestine. Primary and secondary bile acids are the result of the symbiotic relation between the host and intestinal microbiota. In addition to their role in nutrient absorption, bile acids are increasingly recognized as regulatory signals that exert their function beyond the intestine by activating a network of membrane and nuclear receptors. The best characterized of these bile acid-activated receptors, GPBAR1 (also known as TGR5) and the farnesosid-X-receptor (FXR), have also been detected in the vascular system and their activation mediates the vasodilatory effects of bile acids in the systemic and splanchnic circulation. GPBAR1, is a G protein-coupled receptor, that is preferentially activated by lithocholic acid (LCA) a secondary bile acid. GPBAR1 is expressed in endothelial cells and liver sinusoidal cells (LSECs) and responds to LCA by regulating the expression of both endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), an enzyme involved in generation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Activation of CSE by GPBAR1 ligands in LSECs is due to genomic and nongenomic effects, involves protein phosphorylation, and leads to release of H2S. Despite that species-specific effects have been described, vasodilation caused by GPBAR1 ligands in the liver microcirculation and aortic rings is abrogated by inhibition of CSE but not by eNOS inhibitor. Vasodilation caused by GPBAR1 (and FXR) ligands also involves large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels likely acting downstream to H2S. The identification of GPBAR1 as a vasodilatory receptor is of relevance in the treatment of complex disorders including metabolic syndrome-associated diseases, liver steatohepatitis, and portal hypertension.

A Powerful HPLC-ELSD Method for Simultaneous Determination of Fecal Bile Acids in T2DM Rats Interfered by Sanhuang Xiexin Tang

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengjun Chen ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Yumeng Shen ◽  
Junfeng Zou ◽  
Zhimiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acids ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Glycolipid Metabolism ◽  
Fecal Bile Acids ◽  
Mobile Phases ◽  
Evaporative Light Scattering ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Bile acids (BAs) as important endogenous ligands can activate farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5) signaling to regulate glycolipid metabolism. In this study, a simple, reliable and sensitive analysis method for simultaneous determination of four BAs from rat feces based on high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD) was developed. Chromatographic analysis was performed with the mobile phases of acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid. All the standard curves exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99). The relative standard deviations of precision, stability and repeatability varied from 1.27 to 3.96%, 2.20 to 3.89% and 3.00 to 4.31%, respectively. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the variation of four BAs in feces from T2DM rats after oral administration of Sanhuang Xiexin Tang (SXT). Data showed that SXT could remarkably increase the contents of conjunct BAs and decrease the contents of free BAs, which might contribute to ameliorate the symptoms of T2DM rats.

scholarly journals Growing semiconductor structures for high-performance solar cells in open space

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Author(s):  
V. V. Blinov ◽  
V. M. Vladimirov ◽  
N. A. Kushnarev ◽  
A. I. Nikiforov ◽  
D. B. Pridachin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Screen Effect ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Space Module ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Semiconductor Structures

Practical space activities of the country in near-Earth space and in deep space have been developing for more than fifty years. During this time, many new scientific and technical problems were solved, the latest technologies were developed and mastered. This article describes the prerequisites for conducting an experiment on growing semiconductor structures for highly efficient solar cells in the conditions of orbital flight of an international space station. The advantages of carrying out the process in a deep vacuum formed as a result of the manifestation of the molecular screen effect are shown to obtain new thin-film materials with unique properties. A ground-based simulator of a space module and a working molecular screen prototype are described. The features of the preliminary design of a universal automated installation of molecular beam epitaxy in space are discussed. The rationale for the economic efficiency of space technology based on the absence of the need for expensive ultrahigh vacuum pumping facilities, cryogenic equipment and vacuum volumes containing a large amount of stainless steel is given. The experience of three orbital flights of the American Shuttle spacecraft is analyzed, confirming the economic feasibility of projects related to the production of semiconductor heterostructures in space flight conditions.

Development of high-performance objective lens polepiece for ultrahigh resolution Analytical Electron Microscope

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
K. Fukushima ◽  
T. Kaneyama ◽  
F. Hosokawa ◽  
H. Tsuno ◽  
T. Honda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ultrahigh Resolution ◽  
Science Field ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscope

Recently, in the materials science field, the ultrahigh resolution analytical electron microscope (UHRAEM) has become a very important instrument to study extremely fine areas of the specimen. The requirements related to the performance of the UHRAEM are becoming gradually severer. Some basic characteristic features required of an objective lens are as follows, and the practical performance of the UHRAEM should be judged by totally evaluating them.1) Ultrahigh resolution to resolve ultrafine structure by atomic-level observation.2) Nanometer probe analysis to analyse the constituent elements in nm-areas of the specimen.3) Better performance of x-ray detection for EDS analysis, that is, higher take-off angle and larger detection solid angle.4) Higher specimen tilting angle to adjust the specimen orientation.To attain these requirements simultaneously, the objective lens polepiece must have smaller spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients and must keep enough open space around the specimen holder in it.

Pharmacological effects of secondary bile acid microparticles in diabetic murine model

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin Mooranian ◽  
Nassim Zamani ◽  
Bozica Kovacevic ◽  
Corina Mihaela Ionescu ◽  
Giuseppe Luna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Diabetes Treatment ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Antidiabetic Effects

Aim: Examine bile acids effects in Type 2 diabetes. Background: In recent studies, the bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has shown potent anti-inflammatory effects in obese patients while in type 2 diabetics (T2D) levels of the pro-inflammatory bile acid lithocholic acid were increased, and levels of the anti-inflammatory bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid were decreased, in plasma. Objective: Hence, this study aimed to examine applications of novel UDCA nanoparticles in diabetes. Methods: Diabetic balb/c adult mice were divided into three equal groups and gavaged daily with either empty microcapsules, free UDCA, or microencapsulated UDCA over two weeks. Their blood, tissues, urine, and faeces were collected for blood glucose, inflammation, and bile acid analyses. UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. Results: UDCA resulted in modulatory effects on bile acids profile without antidiabetic effects suggesting that bile acid modulation was not directly linked to diabetes treatment. Conclusion: Bile acids modulated the bile profile without affecting blood glucose levels.

scholarly journals Liver Bile Acid Changes in Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7451
Author(s):  
Harpreet Kaur ◽  
Drew Seeger ◽  
Svetlana Golovko ◽  
Mikhail Golovko ◽  
Colin Kelly Combs
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Bile Acid Synthesis ◽  
Liver Cholesterol ◽  
Bile Acid Metabolism

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. It is hypothesized to develop due to the dysfunction of two major proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) and microtubule-associated protein, tau. Evidence supports the involvement of cholesterol changes in both the generation and deposition of Aβ. This study was performed to better understand the role of liver cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the pathophysiology of AD. We used male and female wild-type control (C57BL/6J) mice to compare to two well-characterized amyloidosis models of AD, APP/PS1, and AppNL-G-F. Both conjugated and unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS from livers of control and AD mice. We also measured cholesterol and its metabolites and identified changes in levels of proteins associated with bile acid synthesis and signaling. We observed sex differences in liver cholesterol levels accompanied by differences in levels of synthesis intermediates and conjugated and unconjugated liver primary bile acids in both APP/PS1 and AppNL-G-F mice when compared to controls. Our data revealed fundamental deficiencies in cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in the livers of two different AD mouse lines. These findings strengthen the involvement of liver metabolism in the pathophysiology of AD.

scholarly journals Regulation of Bile Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism by PPARs

PPAR Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiangang Li ◽  
John Y. L. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Bile Acid Synthesis ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Therapeutic Implications

Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acid synthesis is a major pathway for hepatic cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid synthesis generates bile flow which is important for biliary secretion of free cholesterol, endogenous metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids are biological detergents that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Recent studies suggest that bile acids are important metabolic regulators of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ) regulate lipoprotein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis and inflammation, and therefore are used as anti-diabetic drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia and insulin insistence. Recent studies have shown that activation of PPARαalters bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, and also cholesterol synthesis, absorption and reverse cholesterol transport. This review will focus on the roles of PPARs in the regulation of pathways in bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, and the therapeutic implications of using PPAR agonists for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

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