scholarly journals Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Spinal Cord Vascularization

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Ricardo Vieira ◽  
Bhavin Shah ◽  
Carmen Ruiz de Almodovar
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
Cns Development ◽  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
Vascular Plexus ◽  
Spinal Cord Vascularization ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

During embryonic central nervous system (CNS) development, the neural and the vascular systems communicate with each other in order to give rise to a fully functional and mature CNS. The initial avascular CNS becomes vascularized by blood vessel sprouting from different vascular plexus in a highly stereotypical and controlled manner. This process is similar across different regions of the CNS. In particular for the developing spinal cord (SC), blood vessel ingression occurs from a perineural vascular plexus during embryonic development. In this review, we provide an updated and comprehensive description of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this stereotypical and controlled patterning of blood vessels in the developing embryonic SC, identified using different animal models. We discuss how signals derived from neural progenitors and differentiated neurons guide the SC growing vasculature. Lastly, we provide a perspective of how the molecular mechanisms identified during development could be used to better understand pathological situations.

scholarly journals Anteroposterior Wnt-RA Gradient Defines Adhesion and Migration Properties of Neural Progenitors in Developing Spinal Cord

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-911
Author(s):  
Mohammed R. Shaker ◽  
Ju-Hyun Lee ◽  
Si-Hyung Park ◽  
Joo Yeon Kim ◽  
Gi Hoon Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Progenitors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

scholarly journals Expression of FLRT2 in Postnatal Central Nervous System Development and After Spinal Cord Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juntan Li ◽  
Yo Shinoda ◽  
Shuhei Ogawa ◽  
Shunsuke Ikegaya ◽  
Shuo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Cns Development ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Cord Injury

Fibronectin and leucine-rich transmembrane (FLRT) proteins are necessary for various developmental processes and in pathological conditions. FLRT2 acts as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule, a heterophilic repulsive ligand of Unc5/Netrin receptors, and a synaptogenic molecule; the last feature is mediated by binding to latrophilins. Although the function of FLRT2 in regulating cortical migration at the late gestation stage has been analyzed, little is known about the expression pattern of FLRT2 during postnatal central nervous system (CNS) development. In this study, we used Flrt2-LacZ knock-in (KI) mice to analyze FLRT2 expression during CNS development. At the early postnatal stage, FLRT2 expression was largely restricted to several regions of the striatum and deep layers of the cerebral cortex. In adulthood, FLRT2 expression was more prominent in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, piriform cortex (PIR), nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT), and ventral medial nucleus (VM) of the thalamus, but lower in the striatum. Notably, in the hippocampus, FLRT2 expression was confined to the CA1 region and partly localized on pre- and postsynapses whereas only few expression was observed in CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG). Finally, we observed temporally limited FLRT2 upregulation in reactive astrocytes around lesion sites 7 days after thoracic spinal cord injury. These dynamic changes in FLRT2 expression may enable multiple FLRT2 functions, including cell adhesion, repulsion, and synapse formation in different regions during CNS development and after spinal cord injury.

The Blood-Vessels of the Developing Spinal Cord of Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
R. T. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Lateral Aspect ◽  
Vascular Plexus ◽  
Tentative Conclusion ◽  
Lateral Walls ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

Sterzi (1904) studied the blood-vessels of the developing spinal cord in representatives of various vertebrate groups. He correlated the early development of the vascular plexus on the lateral aspect of the neural tube with the mitotic activity within its lateral walls. He also correlated the greater vascularity of the grey matter, compared with that of the white matter, with the greater functional activity of the former. From the observation that there are 15 separate vessels that are constant in position and time of appearance during the development of the spinal cord of the chick, Feeney & Watterson (1946) reached the tentative conclusion that the pattern of the blood-vessels is determined by localized structural or physiological changes, or both. Observations on mammals by Craigie (1925), Petren (1938), and Gyllensten (1959) indicated a marked increase in vascularity of the cerebral cortex while differentiation was proceeding. Quantitative observations on the blood-vessels of the spinal cord during development are lacking.

scholarly journals Building Spinal and Brain Commissures: Axon Guidance at the Midline

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Castellani
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Axon Guidance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
General Role ◽  
Commissural Neurons ◽  
Common Task ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Commissural circuits are brain and spinal cord connections which interconnect the two sides of the central nervous system (CNS). They play essential roles in brain and spinal cord processing, ensuring left-right coordination and synchronization of information and commands. During the formation of neuronal circuits, all commissural neurons of the central nervous system must accomplish a common task, which is to project their axon onto the other side of the nervous system, across the midline that delineates the two halves of the CNS. How this task is accomplished has been the topic of extensive studies over the last past 20 years and remains one of the best models to investigate axon guidance mechanisms. In the first part of this review, I will introduce the commissural circuits, their general role in the physiology of the nervous system, and their recognized or suspected pathogenic properties in human diseases. In the second part of the review, I will concentrate on two commissural circuits, the spinal commissures and the corpus callosum, to detail the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing their formation, mostly during their navigation at the midline.

scholarly journals Peripheral nerve resident macrophages are microglia-like cells with tissue-specific programming

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter L Wang ◽  
Aldrin KY Yim ◽  
Kiwook Kim ◽  
Denis Avey ◽  
Rafael S. Czepielewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Cns Development ◽  
And Function

SummaryWhereas microglia are recognized as fundamental players in central nervous system (CNS) development and function, much less is known about macrophages of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here we show that self-maintaining PNS macrophages share unique features with CNS microglia. By comparing gene expression across neural and conventional tissue-resident macrophages, we identified transcripts that were shared among neural resident macrophages as well as selectively enriched in PNS macrophages. Remarkably, PNS macrophages constitutively expressed genes previously identified to be upregulated by activated microglia during aging or neurodegeneration. Several microglial activation-associated and PNS macrophage-enriched genes were also expressed in spinal cord microglia at steady state. While PNS macrophages arose from both embryonic and hematopoietic precursors, their expression of activation-associated genes did not differ by ontogeny. Collectively, these data uncover shared and unique features between neural resident macrophages and emphasize the role of nerve environment for shaping PNS macrophage identity.

scholarly journals Angiogenesis in the Developing Spinal Cord: Blood Vessel Exclusion from Neural Progenitor Region Is Mediated by VEGF and Its Antagonists

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e0116119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruaki Takahashi ◽  
Yuta Takase ◽  
Takashi Yoshino ◽  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Ryosuke Tadokoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Neural Progenitor ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

scholarly journals Motor neurons control blood vessel patterning in the developing spinal cord

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Himmels ◽  
Isidora Paredes ◽  
Heike Adler ◽  
Andromachi Karakatsani ◽  
Robert Luck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Developing Spinal Cord

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

Bioelectrodes for Neural Prostheses

1985 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Terry Hambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Cochlear Implants ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
The Future ◽  
Spinal Cord Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Prostheses

ABSTRACTNeural prostheses which are commercially available include cochlear implants for treating certain forms of deafness and urinary bladder evacuation prostheses for individuals with spinal cord disorders. In the future we can anticipate improvements in bioelectrodes and biomaterials which should permit more sophisticated devices such as visual prostheses for the blind and auditory prostheses for the deaf based on microstimulation of the central nervous system.

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