scholarly journals Emergence of Cooperation as a Non-equilibrium Transition in Noisy Spatial Games

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakti N. Menon ◽  
V. Sasidevan ◽  
Sitabhra Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Games ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium transition state rate theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 3761-3769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidong Feng ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Jin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Equilibrium Processes ◽  
State Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Biological Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Transition state or Kramers' rate theory has been used to quantify the kinetic speed of many chemical, physical and biological equilibrium processes successfully.

Silicon Compounds in the Jupiter Atmosphere

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1543
Author(s):  
Glenn Howland ◽  
Paul Harteck ◽  
Robert R. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Model Atmosphere ◽  
Silicon Compounds ◽  
Cosmic Abundance ◽  
Equilibrium Profile ◽  
Nonequilibrium Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Calculated Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Abstract Due to the relatively large cosmic abundance of Si and the stability of colored silicon compounds easily formed under various nonequilibrium conditions, it is concluded here that silicon should be strongly considered as a potential major component in the observed colored material in the Jupiter atmosphere. Silicon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe (after H, He, 0, N, and C) and in the same order of abundance as Mg and Fe. In the high temperature and pressure regions of Jupiter most of the Si should be present as SiH4. At higher altitudes, corresponding to a total pressure of less than 1000 bar and a temperature below 1200 K, SiC>2 and other compounds of silicon should dominate. These equilibria and the chemistry depend strongly upon the H9O concentration, which is assumed to be in the order of 10~ 3 . A calculated equilibrium profile had been proposed for a model atmosphere [1] and our own estimates confirm the main features within reasonable limits. Recent photographs taken of Jupiter emphasize the fact that the atmosphere of the planet is not in equilibrium. Atmospheric turbulence is observed corresponding to movement in the colored areas including the well-known great red spot. Assuming, therefore, that non-equilibrium processes may occur on Jupiter, the nature of such processes may be sought in the laboratory. The non-equilibrium transition of SiH4 to Si(>2 can be observed in various ways. We have found that many of these lead to intermediates that are relatively stable and yield strong colorations very similar in appearance to those observed on Jupiter. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the possibility of the silicon compounds contributing

Empirical and theoretical models of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transition temperatures of supplemented phase diagrams in aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report)

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1065-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio R. Corti ◽  
C. Austen Angell ◽  
Tony Auffret ◽  
Harry Levine ◽  
M. Pilar Buera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Transition Curve ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Freezing Curve ◽  
Non Equilibrium

This paper describes the main thermodynamic concepts related to the construction of supplemented phase (or state) diagrams (SPDs) for aqueous solutions containing vitrifying agents used in the cryo- and dehydro-preservation of natural (foods, seeds, etc.) and synthetic (pharmaceuticals) products. It also reviews the empirical and theoretical equations employed to predict equilibrium transitions (ice freezing, solute solubility) and non-equilibrium transitions (glass transition and the extrapolated freezing curve). The comparison with experimental results is restricted to carbohydrate aqueous solutions, because these are the most widely used cryoprotectant agents. The paper identifies the best standard procedure to determine the glass transition curve over the entire water-content scale, and how to determine the temperature and concentration of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution.

Application of analytical electron microscopy to studies of equilibrium and non-equilibrium segregation in materials

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1214-1215
Author(s):  
Edward A Kenik
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extended Defects ◽  
Probe Diameter ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Solute Atoms ◽  
Equilibrium Segregation ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Segregation of solute atoms to grain boundaries, dislocations, and other extended defects can occur under thermal equilibrium or non-equilibrium conditions, such as quenching, irradiation, or precipitation. Generally, equilibrium segregation is narrow (near monolayer coverage at planar defects), whereas non-equilibrium segregation exhibits profiles of larger spatial extent, associated with diffusion of point defects or solute atoms. Analytical electron microscopy provides tools both to measure the segregation and to characterize the defect at which the segregation occurs. This is especially true of instruments that can achieve fine (<2 nm width), high current probes and as such, provide high spatial resolution analysis and characterization capability. Analysis was performed in a Philips EM400T/FEG operated in the scanning transmission mode with a probe diameter of <2 nm (FWTM). The instrument is equipped with EDAX 9100/70 energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) and Gatan 666 parallel detection electron energy loss spectrometry (PEELS) systems. A double-tilt, liquid-nitrogen-cooled specimen holder was employed for microanalysis in order to minimize contamination under the focussed spot.

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