scholarly journals Fluctuation-induced non-equilibrium transition in a liquid-crystal metastable system

2012 ◽  
Vol 391 (5) ◽  
pp. 1952-1962 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium excess order in the isotropic state of main-chain liquid-crystal-forming polymers

Polymer ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 2019-2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.L Feijoo ◽  
G Ungar ◽  
A Keller ◽  
V Percec
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Main Chain ◽  
Isotropic State ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium transition state rate theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 3761-3769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haidong Feng ◽  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Jin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Rate Theory ◽  
Equilibrium Processes ◽  
State Rate ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Biological Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Transition state or Kramers' rate theory has been used to quantify the kinetic speed of many chemical, physical and biological equilibrium processes successfully.

The microwave heating mechanism of N-(4-methoxybenzyliden)-4-butylaniline in liquid crystalline and isotropic phases as determined using in situ microwave irradiation NMR spectroscopy

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 9082-9089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yugo Tasei ◽  
Fumikazu Tanigawa ◽  
Izuru Kawamura ◽  
Teruaki Fujito ◽  
Motoyasu Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Heating Mechanism ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Non-equilibrium local heating states in the liquid crystal MBBA were observed using in situ microwave irradiation NMR spectroscopy.

Silicon Compounds in the Jupiter Atmosphere

1979 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1543
Author(s):  
Glenn Howland ◽  
Paul Harteck ◽  
Robert R. Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Model Atmosphere ◽  
Silicon Compounds ◽  
Cosmic Abundance ◽  
Equilibrium Profile ◽  
Nonequilibrium Conditions ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Calculated Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

Abstract Due to the relatively large cosmic abundance of Si and the stability of colored silicon compounds easily formed under various nonequilibrium conditions, it is concluded here that silicon should be strongly considered as a potential major component in the observed colored material in the Jupiter atmosphere. Silicon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe (after H, He, 0, N, and C) and in the same order of abundance as Mg and Fe. In the high temperature and pressure regions of Jupiter most of the Si should be present as SiH4. At higher altitudes, corresponding to a total pressure of less than 1000 bar and a temperature below 1200 K, SiC>2 and other compounds of silicon should dominate. These equilibria and the chemistry depend strongly upon the H9O concentration, which is assumed to be in the order of 10~ 3 . A calculated equilibrium profile had been proposed for a model atmosphere [1] and our own estimates confirm the main features within reasonable limits. Recent photographs taken of Jupiter emphasize the fact that the atmosphere of the planet is not in equilibrium. Atmospheric turbulence is observed corresponding to movement in the colored areas including the well-known great red spot. Assuming, therefore, that non-equilibrium processes may occur on Jupiter, the nature of such processes may be sought in the laboratory. The non-equilibrium transition of SiH4 to Si(>2 can be observed in various ways. We have found that many of these lead to intermediates that are relatively stable and yield strong colorations very similar in appearance to those observed on Jupiter. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the possibility of the silicon compounds contributing

Empirical and theoretical models of equilibrium and non-equilibrium transition temperatures of supplemented phase diagrams in aqueous systems (IUPAC Technical Report)

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1065-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horacio R. Corti ◽  
C. Austen Angell ◽  
Tony Auffret ◽  
Harry Levine ◽  
M. Pilar Buera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Transition Curve ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Equilibrium Transition ◽  
Natural Foods ◽  
Freezing Curve ◽  
Non Equilibrium

This paper describes the main thermodynamic concepts related to the construction of supplemented phase (or state) diagrams (SPDs) for aqueous solutions containing vitrifying agents used in the cryo- and dehydro-preservation of natural (foods, seeds, etc.) and synthetic (pharmaceuticals) products. It also reviews the empirical and theoretical equations employed to predict equilibrium transitions (ice freezing, solute solubility) and non-equilibrium transitions (glass transition and the extrapolated freezing curve). The comparison with experimental results is restricted to carbohydrate aqueous solutions, because these are the most widely used cryoprotectant agents. The paper identifies the best standard procedure to determine the glass transition curve over the entire water-content scale, and how to determine the temperature and concentration of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution.

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