scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Traits of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/Non-O139 Isolated From a Large Austrian Lake Frequently Associated With Cases of Human Infection

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Lepuschitz ◽  
Sandrine Baron ◽  
Emeline Larvor ◽  
Sophie A. Granier ◽  
Carina Pretzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Resistance Traits

scholarly journals Characterization of Salmonella serotypes prevalent in asymptomatic people and patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Xu ◽  
Weibing Zhang ◽  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Zhenyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Discriminative Ability ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Background Infection with Salmonella enterica usually results in diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps, but some people become asymptomatic or chronic carrier as a source of infection for others. This study aimed to analyze the difference in serotype, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic profiles between Salmonella strains isolated from patients and those from asymptomatic people in Nantong city, China. Methods A total of 88 Salmonella strains were collected from patients and asymptomatic people from 2017 to 2018. Serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis were performed to analyze the characteristics of these strains. Results Twenty serotypes belonging to 8 serogroups were identified in the 88 Salmonella strains. S. Typhimurium remained to be the predominant serotype in strains from both patients and asymptomatic people. Among the 27 strains from patients, S. Enteritidis and S. Rissen were shown as the other two major serotypes, while S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis were demonstrated as the other significant serotypes among the 61 strains from asymptomatic people. Antimicrobial resistance testing revealed that 84.1% of strains from both resources were multi-drug resistant. PFGE displayed a highly discriminative ability to differentiate strains belonging to S. Derby, S. Typhimurium, etc., but could not efficiently differentiate serotypes like S. Enteritidis. Conclusions This study’s results demonstrated that S. Typhimurium could cause human infection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic state; S. London, S. Derby, and S. Meleagridis usually cause asymptomatic infection, while S. Enteritidis infection mainly results in human diseases. The high multi-drug resistance rate detected in the antimicrobial resistance and diverse PFGE profiles of these strains implied that the strains were isolated from different sources, and the increased surveillance of Salmonella from both patients and asymptomatic people should be taken to control the disease.

scholarly journals Genotypic characterization of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in Dakar, Senegal

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 284-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Gassama Sow ◽  
Abdoul Aziz Wane ◽  
Mamadou Hadi Diallo ◽  
Cheikh Saad-Bouh Boye ◽  
Awa Aïdara-Kane
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Conjugative Plasmid ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis

Background: It is well established that Salmonella enterica is a major cause of food-borne disease worldwide. In Africa, according to the Who Global Salm-Surv country data bank from 2000 to 2002 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis was the most common serotype involved in human salmonellosis. In Dakar this serotype of Salmonella has been reported as a frequent and an increasing cause of human infection. Methodology: The genetic determinants of the antimicrobial resistance of 25 selected multiresistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis referred to the National Reference Center for Enterobacteria (NRCE) in Dakar were investigated using molecular techniques. Results: All strains carried blaTEM 1 genes. Five harboured three types of class 1 integrons with gene cassettes dfrA15, dfrA1-aadA1 and dfrA7. Multiresistance was due to a 23 Kb conjugative plasmid. DNA fingerprinting by macrorestriction of genomic DNA revealed a single related group suggesting that strains might be clonal. Conclusions: The spread of resistance genes through plasmid transfer plays an important role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in enteric pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis; the risk of transmissibility of antibiotic resistance between different bacterial strains highlights the urgent need to develop strategies to limit the spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacterial enteropathogens.

scholarly journals A one health framework to estimate the cost of antimicrobial resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal M. Morel ◽  
◽  
Richard A. Alm ◽  
Christine Årdal ◽  
Alessandra Bandera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Hospital Perspective ◽  
Local Health Service ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Objectives/purpose The costs attributable to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remain theoretical and largely unspecified. Current figures fail to capture the full health and economic burden caused by AMR across human, animal, and environmental health; historically many studies have considered only direct costs associated with human infection from a hospital perspective, primarily from high-income countries. The Global Antimicrobial Resistance Platform for ONE-Burden Estimates (GAP-ON€) network has developed a framework to help guide AMR costing exercises in any part of the world as a first step towards more comprehensive analyses for comparing AMR interventions at the local level as well as more harmonized analyses for quantifying the full economic burden attributable to AMR at the global level. Methods GAP-ON€ (funded under the JPIAMR 8th call (Virtual Research Institute) is composed of 19 international networks and institutions active in the field of AMR. For this project, the Network operated by means of Delphi rounds, teleconferences and face-to-face meetings. The resulting costing framework takes a bottom-up approach to incorporate all relevant costs imposed by an AMR bacterial microbe in a patient, in an animal, or in the environment up through to the societal level. Results The framework itemizes the epidemiological data as well as the direct and indirect cost components needed to build a realistic cost picture for AMR. While the framework lists a large number of relevant pathogens for which this framework could be used to explore the costs, the framework is sufficiently generic to facilitate the costing of other resistant pathogens, including those of other aetiologies. Conclusion In order to conduct cost-effectiveness analyses to choose amongst different AMR-related interventions at local level, the costing of AMR should be done according to local epidemiological priorities and local health service norms. Yet the use of a common framework across settings allows for the results of such studies to contribute to cumulative estimates that can serve as the basis of broader policy decisions at the international level such as how to steer R&D funding and how to prioritize AMR amongst other issues. Indeed, it is only by building a realistic cost picture that we can make informed decisions on how best to tackle major health threats.

scholarly journals Salmonella bongori 48:z35:– The first Italian case of human infection outside Sicily

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bellio ◽  
Daniela M. Bianchi ◽  
Pierluigi Acutis ◽  
Cristina Biolatti ◽  
Ida Luzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Safe Area ◽  
Epidemiological Changes ◽  
Symptomatic Child ◽  
Piedmont Region

<em>Salmonella bongori</em> 48:z35:– is considered endemic to Sicily (Italy) due to its epidemiological peculiarity. To our knowledge, no previous cases of human infection caused by <em>S. bongori</em> 48:z35:– have ever been reported in mainland Italy. Here we describe the isolation of <em>S. bongori</em> 48:z35:– from a 1-year-old symptomatic child in northwest Italy (Piedmont Region). The strain showed no antimicrobial resistance. Reporting of <em>S. bongori</em> 48:z35:– in a previously safe area is important to identify epidemiological changes.

scholarly journals Campylobacter jejuni from Canine and Bovine Cases of Campylobacteriosis Express High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates against (Fluoro)quinolones and Tetracyclines

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
Sarah Moser ◽  
Helena Seth-Smith ◽  
Adrian Egli ◽  
Sonja Kittl ◽  
Gudrun Overesch
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
European Program ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Human Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter (C.) spp. from poultry is the main source of foodborne human campylobacteriosis, but diseased pets and cattle shedding Campylobacter spp. may contribute sporadically as a source of human infection. As fluoroquinolones are one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe human campylobacteriosis, the resistance rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry against antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, are monitored within the European program on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. However, much less is published on the AMR rates of C.jejuni and C. coli from pets and cattle. Therefore, C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased animals were tested phenotypically for AMR, and associated AMR genes or mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. High rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones (41%) and tetracyclines (61.1%) were found in C. jejuni (n = 29/66). (Fluoro)quinolone resistance was associated with the known point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, and tetracycline resistance was mostly caused by the tet(O) gene. These high rates of resistance, especially to critically important antibiotics in C. jejuni and C. coli, are worrisome not only in veterinary medicine. Efforts to preserve the efficacy of important antimicrobial treatment options in human and veterinary medicine have to be strengthened in the future.

scholarly journals Reciprocal Regulation of Resistance-Nodulation-Division Efflux Systems and the Cpx Two-Component System in Vibrio cholerae

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (7) ◽  
pp. 2980-2991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn L. Taylor ◽  
X. Renee Bina ◽  
Leyla Slamti ◽  
Matthew K. Waldor ◽  
James E. Bina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Cell Envelope ◽  
Two Component System ◽  
Reciprocal Regulation ◽  
Component System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Two Component ◽  
Resistance Nodulation Division

ABSTRACTThe Cpx two-component regulatory system has been shown inEscherichia colito alleviate stress caused by misfolded cell envelope proteins. TheVibrio choleraeCpx system was previously found to respond to cues distinct from those in theE. colisystem, suggesting that this system fulfills a different physiological role in the cholera pathogen. Here, we used microarrays to identify genes that were regulated by theV. choleraeCpx system. Our observations suggest that the activation of theV. choleraeCpx system does not induce expression of genes involved in the mitigation of stress generated by misfolded cell envelope proteins but promotes expression of genes involved in antimicrobial resistance. In particular, activation of the Cpx system induced expression of the genes encoding the VexAB and VexGH resistance-nodulation-division (RND) efflux systems and their cognate outer membrane pore protein TolC. The promoters for these loci contained putative CpxR consensus binding sites, and ectopiccpxRexpression activated transcription from the promoters for the RND efflux systems. CpxR was not required for intrinsic antimicrobial resistance, but CpxR activation enhanced resistance to antimicrobial substrates of VexAB and VexGH. Mutations that inactivated VexAB or VexGH efflux activity resulted in the activation of the Cpx response, suggesting thatvexABandvexGHand thecpxP-cpxRAsystem are reciprocally regulated. We speculate that the reciprocal regulation of theV. choleraeRND efflux systems and the Cpx two-component system is mediated by the intracellular accumulation of an endogenously produced metabolic by-product that is normally extruded from the cell by the RND efflux systems.

scholarly journals ToxR mediates the antivirulence activity of phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide to attenuate Vibrio cholerae virulence.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuding Weng ◽  
Thomas F. Bina ◽  
X. Renee Bina ◽  
James E. Bina
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Factor Production ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Efflux Pump Inhibitors ◽  
Virulence Factor Production

Multidrug efflux systems belonging to the resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND) family are ubiquitous in Gram negative bacteria and critical for antimicrobial resistance. This realization has led to efforts to develop efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) for use as adjuvants for antibiotic treatment of resistant organisms. However, the functions of RND transporters extend beyond antimicrobial resistance to include physiological functions that are critical for pathogenesis, suggesting that EPIs could also be used as antivirulence therapeutics. This was documented in the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae where EPIs were shown to attenuate the production of the critical virulence factors cholera toxin (CT) and the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP). In this study we investigated the antivirulence mechanism of action of the EPI phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) on V. cholerae. Using bioassays, we documented that PAβN inhibited virulence factor production in three epidemic V. cholerae isolates. Transcriptional reporter studies and mutant analysis indicated that PAβN initiated a ToxR-dependent regulatory circuit to activate leuO expression and that LeuO repressed the expression of the critical virulence activator aphA to attenuate CT and TCP production. The antivirulence activity of PAβN was found to be dependent on the ToxR periplasmic sensing domain suggesting that a feedback mechanism was involved in its activity. Collectively the data indicated that PAβN inhibited V. cholerae virulence factor production by activating a ToxR-dependent metabolic feedback mechanism to repress the expression of the ToxR virulence regulon. This suggests that efflux pump inhibitors could be used as antivirulence therapeutics for the treatment of cholera and perhaps other gram negative pathogens.

scholarly journals Whole-genome sequence analysis of Vibrio cholerae from three outbreaks in Uganda, 2014 - 2016

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Dickson Aruhomukama ◽  
Ivan Sserwadda ◽  
Gerald Mboowa
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Pathogenicity Islands ◽  
Type Vi Secretion System ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Background: Cholera remains a serious public health problem in Uganda and Africa. The aim of this study was to provide the complete array of antimicrobial resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements, virulence genes, pathogenicity islands, plasmids, and insertion sequences in the strains. In addition, this study also aimed to provide a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based phylogenetic analysis of the strains. Methods: In the analysis, both Linux and web-based bioinformatics approaches were used to analyze the study sequences. Databases used included; FastQC, MultiQC, Snippy, PANTHER, PATRIC, Unicycler, ISFinder, Center for Genomic Epidemiology pipelines (i.e. MLST, PlasmidFinder, MyDbFinder, and ResFinder), MashTree and IcyTree.  Results: The 10 sequenced strains of Vibrio cholerae were found to carry virulence-associated genes including MakA, ctxA, ctxB, carA, carB, trpB, clpB, ace, toxR, zot, rtxA, ompW, ompR, gmhA, fur, hlyA, and rstR. Also identified were: genes of the Type VI secretion system including vasA-L, vgrG-2, vgrG-3, vipA/mglA, and vipB/mglB; alsD (VC1589), involved in the synthesis of 2,3-butanediol; alsR, involved in the acetate-responsive LysR-type regulation; makA, the flagella-mediated cytotoxin gene; Type VI pilus genes including tcpA-F, tcpH-J, tcpN, tcpP-T, and icmF/vasK; adherence genes acfA-D and IlpA; and quorum sensing system genes luxS and cqsA. Pathogenicity islands identified comprised of VSP-1 and VSP-2, as well as VPI-1 and VPI-2. In addition, strA and B, APH(3'')-I, APH(3'')-Ib, APH(6)-Id, APH(6)-Ic, murA, pare, dfrA1, floR, catB, and catB9 were among the antimicrobial resistance genes found in the sequences. Analysis for SNPs shared among the sequences showed that the sequenced strains shared 218 SNPs and of these, 98 SNPs were missense. Gene enrichment analysis of these SNPs showed enrichment in genes that mediate transmembrane-signaling receptor activity, peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, and phosphor-relay response regulator activity. Conclusions: This study applied bioinformatics approaches to provide comprehensive genomic analysis of V. cholerae genomes obtained from Uganda.

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