scholarly journals Green Manure Species for Phytoremediation of Soil With Tebuthiuron and Vinasse

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luziane Cristina Ferreira ◽  
Bruno Rafael de Almeida Moreira ◽  
Renato Nallin Montagnolli ◽  
Evandro Pereira Prado ◽  
Ronaldo da Silva Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Weed Growth

Tebuthiuron is often used to control weed growth in sugarcane cultures. This herbicide is highly toxic and can persist in soil for up to 2 years according to its degradation half-life. Hence, its residual effect is highly hazardous for the environment and local habitants via leaching, surface runoff. Screening out of species of green manure as potential phytoremediators for tebuthiuron in soil, with and with no vinasse, accordingly is the scientific point of this study. Green manure species selected for the trial in greenhouse were jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.], pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L. Millsp.)], velvet bean [Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.)], and millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.], and Crotalaria juncea L. as bioindicator of this herbicide. The determination/quantification of height, stem diameter, and number of leaves in all plants were monitored, as well as other morphological traits for drafting any inference on biomass production. Moreover, ecotoxicity bioassays were performed from soil samples at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. Results showed preliminary evidence of effective phytoremediation capacity by M. pruriens and P. glaucum in soils with tebuthiuron, as the growth of C. juncea was sustained. Both Gompertz approach and principal component analysis predicted that these green manure species could grow healthier and for longer periods in soils containing tebuthiuron and vinasse and, thus, reduce physiological anomalies due to ecotoxicity. The implications of this study may aid in the implementation of cost-effective strategies targeting decontamination of tebuthiuron in sugarcane crops with vinasse application in fertigation.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fixation by groundnut and velvet bean and residual benefit to a subsequent maize crop

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1183-1190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambate Okito ◽  
Bruno José Rodrigues Alves ◽  
Segundo Urquiaga ◽  
Robert Michael Boddey
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Natural Fallow ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Chemical fertilisers are rarely avaiable to poor farmers, for whom the nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting element for cereal grain production. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) crops using the 15N natural abundance (delta15N) technique and to determine their residual effect and that of a natural fallow, on growth and N accumulation by two rustic maize varieties. The contribution of BNF calculated from delta15N data was 40.9, 59.6 and 30.9 kg ha-1, for groundnut, velvet bean and the natural fallow, respectively. The only legume grain harvested was from the groundnut, which yielded approximately 1.000 kg ha-1. The subsequent maize varieties ("Sol de Manhã" and "Caiana Sobralha") yielded between 1.958 and 2.971 kg ha-1, and were higher after velvet bean for both maize varieties and "Sol da Manhã" groundnut, followed by "Caiana" after groundnut and, finally, the natural fallow. For a small-holder producer the most attractive system is the groundnut followed by maize, as, in this treatment, both groundnut and maize grain harvest are possible. However, a simple N balance calculation indicated that the groundnut-maize sequence would, in the long term, deplete soil N reserves, while the velvet bean-maize sequence would lead to a build up of soil nitrogen.

FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS WITH MAIZE–LEGUME COVER CROP ROTATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. MUPANGWA ◽  
C. THIERFELDER ◽  
A. NGWIRA
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Maize Production

SUMMARYMultilocation experiments were established to determine the best strategy for using inorganic fertilizer in conservation agriculture (CA) systems that use green manure cover crops, namely sunhemp, velvet bean and cowpea grown in rotation with maize. The objectives of the study were to determine (i) the effect of half and full rates of basal fertilizer on maize and legume biomass yields, (ii) the residual effects of unfertilized, half and fully fertilized green manure legumes on maize grown after the legumes, and (iii) the residual effect of unfertilized, half and fully fertilized green manure legumes combined with basal and topdressing fertilizer on maize yields. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with basal fertilizer as a treatment in the green manure legumes phase. Previously, in the maize phase, green manure legume species were the main treatment with basal fertilizer as a subtreatment (sunhemp, velvet bean and cowpea: 0, 75, 150 kg ha−1and 0, 50, 100 kg ha−1, respectively). Nitrogen was applied in the maize phase at 0, 23, 46, 69 kg N ha−1as a sub-subtreatment in Malawi. Results showed that inorganic fertilizer is the most effective when applied to the maize, not green manure legumes. Biomass of green manure legumes, sunnhemp 8084 kg ha−1, velvet bean 7678 kg ha−1and cowpea 4520 kg ha−1, was not significantly affected by application of basal fertilizer. Maize production increased after the application of green manure legumes with maize-after-maize, maize-after-velvet bean, maize-after-sunnhemp and maize-after-cowpea, yielding 3804, 5440, 5446 and 5339 kg ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen increased maize yield regardless of the previously used green manure legumes species. Our results suggest that farmers should apply fertilizer to maize and grow green manure legumes on residual soil in CA systems. Despite growing green manure legumes, smallholders should apply nitrogen topdressing to maize grown using the green manure legumes in some agro-ecologies.

scholarly journals Weed supression by smother crops and selective herbicides

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco José Severino ◽  
Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Integrated Weed Management ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Arachis Pintoi

Using a smother crop is thought to suppress weed density and to add other beneficial effects in sustainable agricultural systems. Weed suppression ought to be considered an essential component of integrated weed management. However, very little is known about the effects of green manure plants on weeds. This study evaluated the influence of three green manure species on weed suppression and selectivity of herbicides. A field experiment was designed to determine the effect of the green manure species Crotalaria juncea, Arachis pintoi and pigeon pea on the weeds Brachiaria decumbens, guineagrass and hairy beggarticks, and on the natural weed infestation in the inter rows area of an avocado orchard. The weed species were suppressed differently by each green manure species. Soil samples collected from the field experiment presented a residual effect, of at least 30 d, in suppressing weed seed bank recruitment; this residual effect was caused by the residues of the green manure present in the soil. When the green manure was incorporated into the top 5 cm of soil or left on the surface, in a greenhouse experiment, the emergence of weed seeds was significantly inhibited, depending on the species, and on the amount and depth of green manure incorporation. Greenhouse experiments indicate that pre-emergence herbicides cause lower phytotoxicity than post-emergence Arachis pintoi. Smother crops using green manure species, when well established in an area, provide additional weed control to the cropping system and are effective and valuable tools in integrated weed management.

scholarly journals Green Manure Intercropped with Okra for Spontaneous Plant Suppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Raimundo Nonato Viana Santos ◽  
Luciana Lins Oliveira Santos ◽  
Caio Vinícius Sales Pereira da Macena ◽  
Denise Lima Cavalcante Marinho ◽  
Maria José Pinheiro Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Equivalent Area ◽  
Made In

Spontaneous plants are biological factors that compromise the yield of vegetables. The hypothesis is that green manure intercropped with okra suppress spontaneous plants and increase the production of this vegetable. The research aimed to evaluate the viability of green manure intercropped with okra to suppress spontaneous plants and increase vegetable productivity. The design was in randomized blocks with four replications and 10 treatments: cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L). Walp.], sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), velvet bean [Mucuna nivea (L.) DC.] and dwarf pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] intercropping and monoculture with two controls without green manure. The green manure reduced the dry mass of spontaneous plants but did not increase the production of okra. The average values of the equivalent area index (EAI) in all intercropping were higher than one. Green manure is efficient in suppressing spontaneous plants, but to increase the productivity of the okra, adjustments must be made in the green manure-okra intercropping.

scholarly journals Soil macrofauna in green manures preceding cotton growing

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elen Regina Caceres de Souza ◽  
Larissa Pereira Ribeiro Teodoro ◽  
Thiara de Azevedo Tezolin ◽  
Alfredo Raul Abot ◽  
Francisco Eduardo Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Soil Macrofauna ◽  
Cotton Crop ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

The objective of this work was to evaluate the abundance of the soil macrofauna in four green manure species, before the cotton crop. The experimental design was a randomized block design with four treatments: Mucuna pruriens (gray mucuna), Canavalia ensiformes (pork bean), Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea) and Crotalaria juncea (crotalaria). The macrofauna was captured by means of collections with collections using pitfall traps. The data were processed through the cluster analysis to verify the similarity among green manure species as to the occurrence of soil macrofauna. The orders Orthoptera, Coleoptera L (Larval), Hymenoptera and Coleoptera (adult), respectively, had the highest local relative abundance. There was a significant effect of the cover plants on the taxonomic groups and relative density of the soil macrofauna. Green manures were more determinant in the abundance and relative density of the soil macrofauna than the region climate. Up to 60 days after sowing the cotton crop, there was a beneficial influence of the green manures on the soil macrofauna.

scholarly journals Structuring of a Haplortox by Cover Crops and Their Effects on the Yield of Soybean Grains

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Guilherme Gabriel Ruffato ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Luiz Antônio Zanão Junior ◽  
Luciene Kazue Tokura ◽  
Aracéli Ciotti de Marins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
System Control ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Sunn Hemp

The intense agricultural machinery traffic over the plantation ground can lead the erosion and growth difficulty. The goal of this study was to evaluate the soya bean yield after the implantation of species named “recoverable”, of soil structure. The experiment was developed in plots of 20 m × 25 m, located in the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná. The plots were cultivated by direct sowing of the following species, considered as treatments: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beside them no-tillage and no-cover crop planting traditional system (control). Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm-layers with 4 repetitions on each treatment. Soil density and porous soil space were also determined. The plot yield of soybean grains was evaluated over an area of 4.5 m2 for each treatment and grain moisture corrected to 13%. The treatments’ mean yields were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The dwarf pigeon pea and the rattlebox were the most efficient cover crops in the reduction of soil bulk density in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths. The soybean grain yield did not differ between the evaluated treatments, possibly due to the good precipitation conditions during the soybean growing cycle.

scholarly journals Velvet Bean and Cowpea Residual Effects on Maize Crop in Smallholder Farming Areas of Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Obert Jiri ◽  
Paramu L Mafongoya
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Forage Legumes ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
On Farm

On-farm research was conducted in Dendenyore Communal Land and Zana Resettlement areas of Hwedza District, Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2001. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of velvet bean and cowpea on growth and yield of maize in legume-maize rotation system. A total of 14 treatments, which consisted of forage legume and maize crops were examined. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicates. On-farm sites were the replicates. The results show a significant residual effect of velvet bean and cowpea, when grown with single super phosphate fertiliser, on the maize stover and grain yield. They indicate significant phosphorus residual effects on a subsequent maize crop on sandy soils. Forage legumes contribute to residual soil fertility in fallen leaves and roots that increases yield of subsequent crops. The results also reveal that biomass production in perennial leys, grazed during the dry season, would be greater in the second season than in the establishment year. The results also indicate that in the velvet bean systems, especially green manure, nitrogen is lost very early in the season. This may lead to lack of synchrony between nutrient availability and crop uptake. The maize after green manure system had a nitrogen use efficiency of about 11 kg/kg of nitrogen applied. These results show the residual potential of forage legumes in reducing nitrogen fertiliser need for subsequent maize crops in mixed livestock-cropping systems.

scholarly journals Integrative Approaches for Weed Management in Organic Citrus Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 998A-998
Author(s):  
Jose Linares ◽  
Johannes Scholberg ◽  
Carlene Chase ◽  
Robert McSorley ◽  
James Fergusson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Sunn Hemp

Lack of effective weed control may hamper organic citrus establishment. Cover crop/weed biomass (CCW) indices were used to assess the effectiveness of annual and perennial cover crops (CC) in reducing weed growth. The CCW values for perennial peanut (PP) were 0.06, 0.14, 0.4, and 0.5 during 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively (very poor to poor weed control). Initial PP growth was slow and repeated mowing was required, but, over time, PP became more effective in controlling weeds. Weed biomass with sunn hemp was 0.3 Mg/ha in 2002 (CCW = 25, outstanding weed control) compared to 1.4 Mg/ha with use of cowpea (CCW = 1) in 2004. In 2004, the dry weights (Mg/ha) for different summer CC were: hairy indigo = 7.6, pigeon pea = 7.6, sunn hemp = 5.3, cowpea = 5.1, alyce clover = 2.9, velvet bean = 1.3, and lablab bean = 0.8. Corresponding 2005 values were: 9.5, 3.7, 12.6, 1.0, 1.9, and 1.4. Respective CCWI values were: 7, 4, 2, 16, 28, 0.6, and 0.3 (2004) vs. 17, 2, 64, 80, 0.5, 2, and 14. In 2004, winter CC production (Mg/ha) was radish (R) = 3.2, crimson clover (CR) = 1.7, oats (O) + lupine = 1.6, and rye (WR)/vetch (V) mix = 1.1. Results for 2005 were: CR + R + WR = 8.0, WR = 6.0; CR + WR = 5.3, CR = 5.0, CR + O + WR = 5.0, R = 4.3, and O = 3.6 Mg/ha. Corresponding values for CCW-indices were 15, 2, 1, and 3 (2004) and 100, 25, 76, 35, 62, 11, and 16 (2005). Although OMRI-approved herbicides showed up to 84% weed injury for selected species, none of these products provided long-term weed control. Combination of repeated tillage, use of compact/reseeding CC mixes in tree rows, more vigorous annual CC and/or perennial PP in row middle and repeated use of organic herbicides near sprinklers and tree trunks are thus required to ensure effective weed suppression in organic citrus.

scholarly journals SELEÇÃO DE ESPÉCIES VEGETAIS TOLERANTES AO HERBICIDA HEXAZINONE

Nativa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Vanessa Silva Santos ◽  
Adriano Jakelaitis ◽  
Leandro Spíndola Pereira ◽  
Gustavo Dorneles de Sousa ◽  
Gustavo Silva de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis ◽  
Dolichos Lablab ◽  
Urochloa Brizantha ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

Hexazinone é um herbicida utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar e apresenta alta persistência no ambiente. Para detoxificar ambientes contaminados com hexazinone foi investigada a tolerância de plantas à molécula, testando-se dez espécies: capim-marandu (Urochloa brizantha), capim-ruziziensis (Urochloa ruziziensis), guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan), crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea e  Crotalaria spectabilis), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis), lab-lab (Dolichos lablab), mucuna (Mucuna pruriens e Mucuna aterrima) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum) tratadas com as doses de hexazinone de 0; 125,0; 187,5 e 375,0 g ia ha-1. A pesquisa foi delineada em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. O herbicida foi aplicado em vasos, contendo 6 kg de solo, e após 48 horas, foram semeadas as espécies vegetais. Foram avaliados a fitointoxicação e a altura das plantas (AP) aos 30 e aos 60 dias após a emergência (DAE) e a massa seca (MS) das plantas, aos 60 DAE. Na dose de 187,5 g ia ha-1, a espécie C. cajan apresentou menor fitointoxicação e maiores valores de AP e de MS da parte aérea em relação às demais espécies. Não houve diferença para a MS de raízes entre as espécies. C. cajan foi a espécie mais tolerante, o que a torna boa candidata para fitorremediar solo contaminado com hexazinone.Palavras-chave: fitorremediação; persistência; solo. SELECTION OF TOLERANT VEGETABLE SPECIES TO HEXAZINONE HERBICIDE ABSTRACT: Hexazinone is a herbicide used in the cultivation of sugarcane and has high persistence in the environment. To detoxify environments contaminated with this herbicide, the tolerance of plants in the presence of the molecule was investigated, testing 10 species: palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), Urochloa ruziziensis, pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis), indian bean (Dolichos lablab),  millet (Pennisetum glaucum), velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens and Mucuna aterrima) at different doses of the herbicide: 0, 125.0, 187.5 and 375.0 g ai ha-. The research was outlined in randomized blocks with four replicates. At 30 and 60 days after emergence (DAE) the phytotoxification and plant height (PA) were evaluated. The dry mass (DM) of the plants was measured at 60 DAE. At the rate of 187.5 g ai ha-1, the C. cajan species presented lower phytointoxication and higher values of PA and of DM of shoot above the other species. There was no difference for root DM between species. C. cajan was the most tolerant species, which makes it a good candidate for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with hexazinone.Keywords: phytoremediation; persistence; soil.

Monitoring effluent quality in hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs using remote sensing

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dor ◽  
N. Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Wastewater Quality

About one hundred and fifty wastewater reservoirs store effluents for irrigation in Israel. Effluent qualities differ according to the inflowing wastewater quality, the degree of pretreatment and the operational parameters. Certain aspects of water quality like concentration of organic matter, suspended solids and chlorophyll are significantly correlated with the water column transparency and colour. Accordingly optical images of the reservoirs obtained from the SPOT satellite demonstrate pronounced differences correlated with the water quality. The analysis of satellite multispectral images is based on a theoretical model. The model calculates, using the radiation transfer equation, the volume reflectance of the water body. Satellite images of 99 reservoirs were analyzed in the chromacity space in order to classify them according to water quality. Principal Component Analysis backed by the theoretical model increases the method sensitivity. Further elaboration of this approach will lead to the establishment of a time and cost effective method for the routine monitoring of these hypertrophic wastewater reservoirs.

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