scholarly journals Structuring of a Haplortox by Cover Crops and Their Effects on the Yield of Soybean Grains

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Guilherme Gabriel Ruffato ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Luiz Antônio Zanão Junior ◽  
Luciene Kazue Tokura ◽  
Aracéli Ciotti de Marins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
System Control ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Sunn Hemp

The intense agricultural machinery traffic over the plantation ground can lead the erosion and growth difficulty. The goal of this study was to evaluate the soya bean yield after the implantation of species named “recoverable”, of soil structure. The experiment was developed in plots of 20 m × 25 m, located in the Agronomic Institute of Parana (IAPAR), in Santa Tereza do Oeste, Paraná. The plots were cultivated by direct sowing of the following species, considered as treatments: sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis), velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), dwarf pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beside them no-tillage and no-cover crop planting traditional system (control). Soil samples were collected from 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm-layers with 4 repetitions on each treatment. Soil density and porous soil space were also determined. The plot yield of soybean grains was evaluated over an area of 4.5 m2 for each treatment and grain moisture corrected to 13%. The treatments’ mean yields were compared using the Tukey test at 5% probability. The dwarf pigeon pea and the rattlebox were the most efficient cover crops in the reduction of soil bulk density in 0-10 and 10-20 cm depths. The soybean grain yield did not differ between the evaluated treatments, possibly due to the good precipitation conditions during the soybean growing cycle.

scholarly journals REPRODUCTION OF Pratylenchus zeae AND P. brachyurus IN COVER CROPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 295-301
Author(s):  
SIMONE DE MELO SANTANA-GOMES ◽  
CLAUDIA REGINA DIAS-ARIEIRA ◽  
JÚLIO CÉSAR ANTUNES FERREIRA ◽  
RAIANE PEREIRA SCHWENGBER ◽  
SEPHORA SERRANO BALDISERA
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Final Population ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Antagonistic Plants ◽  
Pratylenchus Zeae

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the reproduction of Pratylenchus zeae and P. brachyurus in leguminous plants used as cover crops. Seedlings of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea and C. spectabilis), pigeon pea cultivar IPR 43 (Cajanus cajan), dwarf velvet bean (Mucuna deeringiana), black velvet bean (Stizolobium aterrimum), and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) were inoculated with each nematode separately. Maize cultivar IPR 114 and soybean cultivar Pintado were used as controls to measure the viability of the inoculation of P. zeae and P. brachyurus. After 90 days of inoculation, the plants were collected and nematode g-1 root, final population, and reproduction factors (RF) were evaluated. The experiment was carried out at two different times of the year. The nematode’s RF on cover crops from treatments with the two Crotalaria species, dwarf pigeon pea, and black velvet bean were lower than one (bad host plants) in both experiments for P. zeae. For P. brachyurus, the lowest RFs were obtained for C. juncea, C. spectabilis, and pigeon pea, while the other plants presented RF values close to or higher than one in at least one of the experiments. Therefore, C. spectabilis, C. juncea, and C. cajan cultivar IPR 43 are antagonistic plants that represent useful options for rotation or succession systems that aim to control P. zeae and P. brachyurus.

Host suitability of cover crops for Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 659-666
Author(s):  
Paula Santos Ferreira ◽  
José Luiz Rodrigues Torres ◽  
Maria Amelia dos Santos ◽  
Ricardo de Oliveira Parolini ◽  
Ernane Miranda Lemes
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Meloidogyne Javanica ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Host Suitability ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Summary Management of plant-parasitic nematodes in no-tillage systems relies on knowledge of the species, their abundance and their host range in a certain cropping area. Crop rotation is one of the most efficient techniques in the control of plant-parasitic nematodes; thus, the identification of non-host plant species is essential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the host suitability of different cover crops used in crop rotations to control two of the most devastating plant-parasitic nematodes in the Brazilian central region, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomised design under glasshouse conditions. In the M. incognita experiment, seven treatments (cover crops) were evaluated: Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp; CJ), Stylosanthes humilis (Townsville stylo; TS), Pennisetum glaucum (millet; M), Triticum aestivum (wheat; W), Mucuna aterrima (black mucuna, BM), Glycine max (soybean treated with nematicide (fluensulfona) (SN) and soybean without nematicide (SwN)). In the M. javanica experiment, nine treatments were evaluated: Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Brassica napus (canola), B. nigra (mustard), CJ, M, W, BM, SN and SwN. The evaluations were performed 60 days after inoculation, when eggs and juveniles were present in the plant roots and soil, and the nematode reproduction factors (RF) were determined. The results indicated that CJ, M and BM were effective in controlling M. javanica and M. incognita. The SwN and even SN resulted in high RF and were not effective in the control of M. javanica and M. incognita.

scholarly journals Green Manure Intercropped with Okra for Spontaneous Plant Suppression

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Raimundo Nonato Viana Santos ◽  
Luciana Lins Oliveira Santos ◽  
Caio Vinícius Sales Pereira da Macena ◽  
Denise Lima Cavalcante Marinho ◽  
Maria José Pinheiro Corrêa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Manure ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Equivalent Area ◽  
Made In

Spontaneous plants are biological factors that compromise the yield of vegetables. The hypothesis is that green manure intercropped with okra suppress spontaneous plants and increase the production of this vegetable. The research aimed to evaluate the viability of green manure intercropped with okra to suppress spontaneous plants and increase vegetable productivity. The design was in randomized blocks with four replications and 10 treatments: cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L). Walp.], sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.), velvet bean [Mucuna nivea (L.) DC.] and dwarf pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth] intercropping and monoculture with two controls without green manure. The green manure reduced the dry mass of spontaneous plants but did not increase the production of okra. The average values of the equivalent area index (EAI) in all intercropping were higher than one. Green manure is efficient in suppressing spontaneous plants, but to increase the productivity of the okra, adjustments must be made in the green manure-okra intercropping.

scholarly journals PRODUÇÃO DE FITOMASSA E EXTRAÇÃO DE MACRONUTRIENTES POR PLANTAS DE COBERTURA CULTIVADAS NA ESTAÇÃO SECA

Nativa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 619
Author(s):  
Ana Lúcia Scavazza ◽  
Marcio Roberto Soares ◽  
José Carlos Casagrande ◽  
Simone Daniela Sartorio de Medeiros ◽  
Paulo Henrique Pizzi de Santi
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
South Central ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

Na região centro-sul do Estado de São Paulo, informações sobre a adaptabilidade de plantas de cobertura cultivadas na estação seca são escassas. Objetivou-se com este estudo investigar a produção de fitomassa e extração de macronutrientes em plantas de cobertura durante a estação seca, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no município de Araras-SP.  O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, correspondendo a espécies, em seis blocos. Na entressafra de milho 2015/2016, foram cultivadas: crotalária-spectabilis (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.), feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan L.), feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes L.), mucuna-preta (Stilozobium aterrimum Piper et Tray) e milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.). O milheto foi a espécie que produziu mais fitomassa seca (acima de 8 t ha-1) e a que mais extraiu macronutrientes (185;10;106;42;18 e 8 kg ha-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, respectivamente), apresentando relação C/N inferior a 25, sugerindo que seus resíduos sofreriam uma rápida decomposição e mineralização.A análise de agrupamento indicou que o feijão-guandu obteve desempenho semelhante ao do milheto. Crotalária-spectabilis apresentou a menor fitomassa seca e extraiu menor quantidade de macronutrientes. Neste estudo, milheto e feijão-guandu foram as espécies que mais contribuíram para cobertura do solo e para a reciclagem de nutrientes na estação seca.Palavras-chave: biomassa, nutrição, relação C/N, safrinha. BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND NUTRIENT ACCUMULATION BY COVER CROPS CULTIVATED IN THE DRY SEASON ABSTRACT: In the south-central region of the State of São Paulo, data on the adaptability of cover crops grown in the dry season are insuficient. The objective of this study was to investigate the biomass production and extraction of macronutrients in cover crops during the dry season, in a Oxysoil (LatossoloVermelho), in the city of Araras-SP. The design was in randomized blocks, with five treatments, corresponding to species in six blocks. In the maize off-season 2015/2016, were cultivated: crotalaria spectabilis (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), pig bean (Canavalia ensiformes L.), velvet bean (Stilozobium aterrimum Piper et Tray) and millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.). Millet was the species that produced the highest dry matter average (above 8 tons ha-1) and the one that most extracted macronutrients (185;10;106;42;18 and 8 Kg ha-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively), showing a C/N ratio of less than 25, suggesting that its residues would undergo rapid decomposition and mineralization. The clustering analysis indicated that the pigeon pea had similar performance to millet. Crotalaria-spectabilis presented the lowest dried biomass extracted a smaller amount of macronutrients. In this study, millet and pigeon pea were the species that contributed the most to cover the soil and to recycle nutrients in the dry season.Keywords: biomass, nutrition, C/N ratio, off-season.

scholarly journals Least limiting water range in soil under crop rotations and chiseling

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Carlos Calonego ◽  
Ciro Antonio Rosolem
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range

Soil water availability to plants is affected by soil compaction and other variables. The Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR) comprises soil physical variables affecting root growth and soil water availability, and can be managed by either mechanical or biological methods. There is evidence that effects of crop rotations could last longer than chiseling, so the objective of this study was to assess the effect of soil chiseling or growing cover crops under no-till (NT) on the LLWR. Crop rotations involving triticale (X Triticosecale) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in the fall-winter associated with millet (Pennisetum glaucum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) as cover crops preceding soybean (Glycine max) were repeated for three consecutive years. In the treatment with chiseling (performed only in the first year), the area was left fallow between the fall-winter and summer crops. The experiment was carried out in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2003 to 2006 on a Typic Rhodudalf. The LLWR was determined in soil samples taken from the layers 0-20 cm and 20- 40 cm, after chemical desiccation of the cover crops in December of the first and third year of the experiment. Chiseling decreases soil bulk density in the 0-20 cm soil layer, increasing the LLWR magnitude by lowering the soil water content at which penetration resistance reaches 2.0 MPa; this effect is present up to the third year after chiseling and can reach to a depth of 0.40 m. Crop rotations involving sunflower + sunn hemp, triticale + millet and triticale + sunn hemp for three years prevented soil bulk density from exceeding the critical soil bulk density in the 0- 0.20 m layer. This effect was observed to a depth of 0.40 m after three years of chiseling under crop rotations involving forage sorghum. Hence, chiseling and some crop rotations under no tillage are effective in increasing soil quality assessed by the LLWR.

scholarly journals Integrative Approaches for Weed Management in Organic Citrus Orchards

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 998A-998
Author(s):  
Jose Linares ◽  
Johannes Scholberg ◽  
Carlene Chase ◽  
Robert McSorley ◽  
James Fergusson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Velvet Bean ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Crimson Clover ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Sunn Hemp

Lack of effective weed control may hamper organic citrus establishment. Cover crop/weed biomass (CCW) indices were used to assess the effectiveness of annual and perennial cover crops (CC) in reducing weed growth. The CCW values for perennial peanut (PP) were 0.06, 0.14, 0.4, and 0.5 during 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively (very poor to poor weed control). Initial PP growth was slow and repeated mowing was required, but, over time, PP became more effective in controlling weeds. Weed biomass with sunn hemp was 0.3 Mg/ha in 2002 (CCW = 25, outstanding weed control) compared to 1.4 Mg/ha with use of cowpea (CCW = 1) in 2004. In 2004, the dry weights (Mg/ha) for different summer CC were: hairy indigo = 7.6, pigeon pea = 7.6, sunn hemp = 5.3, cowpea = 5.1, alyce clover = 2.9, velvet bean = 1.3, and lablab bean = 0.8. Corresponding 2005 values were: 9.5, 3.7, 12.6, 1.0, 1.9, and 1.4. Respective CCWI values were: 7, 4, 2, 16, 28, 0.6, and 0.3 (2004) vs. 17, 2, 64, 80, 0.5, 2, and 14. In 2004, winter CC production (Mg/ha) was radish (R) = 3.2, crimson clover (CR) = 1.7, oats (O) + lupine = 1.6, and rye (WR)/vetch (V) mix = 1.1. Results for 2005 were: CR + R + WR = 8.0, WR = 6.0; CR + WR = 5.3, CR = 5.0, CR + O + WR = 5.0, R = 4.3, and O = 3.6 Mg/ha. Corresponding values for CCW-indices were 15, 2, 1, and 3 (2004) and 100, 25, 76, 35, 62, 11, and 16 (2005). Although OMRI-approved herbicides showed up to 84% weed injury for selected species, none of these products provided long-term weed control. Combination of repeated tillage, use of compact/reseeding CC mixes in tree rows, more vigorous annual CC and/or perennial PP in row middle and repeated use of organic herbicides near sprinklers and tree trunks are thus required to ensure effective weed suppression in organic citrus.

scholarly journals Biological fixation, transfer and balance of nitrogen in passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) orchard intercropped with different green manure crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ((03) 2019) ◽  
pp. 465-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edilândia Farias Dantas ◽  
Ana Dolores Santiago de Freitas ◽  
Maria do Carmo Catanho Pereira de Lyra ◽  
Carolina Etienne de Rosália e Silva Santos ◽  
Stella Jorge de Carvalho Neta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Biological Fixation ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Passiflora Edulis ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Sunn Hemp ◽  
Passiflora Edulis Sims

Green manures can replace or supplement mineral fertilization and add organic matter to the soils, ensuring greater sustainability to fruit growing in semiarid regions. Biological fixation, transfer and balance of nitrogen were determined on an irrigated yellow passion fruit orchard (Passiflora edulis Sims) intercropped separately with three cover crops: sunn hemp, Crotalaria juncea (L.); pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill; and jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. In a fourth treatment, legumes were not planted, but spontaneous vegetation was left to grow freely. The legumes were croped for 90 days in three lines (0.5 m apart) inside the passion fruit plant lines (2.5 m apart). Fixation and transfers were determined by the 15N natural abundance technique, using sunflower as a reference plant. The three planted legumes nodulated abundantly and fixed nitrogen in high proportions (between 50 and 90% of their N), forming symbiosis with bacteria naturally established in the soil. Jack bean produced more biomass than sunn hemp and pigeon pea, and as much as the spontaneous plants, of which 23% were legumes. The amounts of fixed N (150, 43, 30 and 29 kg ha-1) were determined mainly by the biomass of legumes. More than 40% of the N of passion fruit plants came from the biological nitrogen fixation of the intercropped jack bean, which provided an amount of N higher than that exported in the fruits, generating a positive balance of more than 100 kg ha-1. Therefore, it is recommended to intercrop jack bean in irrigated passion fruit orchards.

scholarly journals DRY MATTER DECOMPOSITION OF COVER CROPS IN A NO-TILLAGE COTTON SYSTEM

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOÃO LUÍS DA SILVA FILHO ◽  
ANA LUÍZA DIAS COELHO BORIN ◽  
ALEXANDRE CUNHA DE BARCELLOS FERREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Linear Regression Models

ABSTRACT No-tillage cotton systems require soil coverage with cover crop residue for a longer time due to the late cycle of cotton. However, decomposition rates may vary between cover crops, and the adjustment of models to describe it is critical to no-tillage cotton management. Two non-linear regression models, exponential (EM) and Michaelis-Menten (MM), were adjusted to dry matter decomposition of cover crops in a cotton no-tillage system, in Brazil. Three field trials were performed in 2012 for the cover crops Urochloa ruziziensis (brachiaria), Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet), and Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea). Samples of cover crop were collected at 20, 50, 70, 110, 140, and 170 days after sowing upland cotton to measure dry matter decomposition. MM showed better adjustment than EM for all cover crops. The estimations of half-life parameters were different between the cover crops, suggesting that each cover crop has its own rate of decomposition. For pearl millet, brachiaria, and pigeon pea, the half-life estimation by exponential model was over the MM in 9, 12, and 12 days.

scholarly journals COVER CROPS IN THE OFF-SEASON IN THE WEED MANAGEMENT AT NOTILLAGE AREA

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
FERNANDO COUTO DE ARAÚJO ◽  
ADRIANO STEPHAN NASCENTE ◽  
JULIANA LOURENÇO NUNES GUIMARÃES ◽  
VINÍCIUS SILVA SOUSA ◽  
MARCO ANTÔNIO MOREIRA DE FREITAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
Main Growth ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

ABSTRACT Cover crops can provide suppression of weeds and together with chemical control make the proper management of weeds in agricultural areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover crop cultivation during the off-season on weed development in a no-tillage area. The experimental design was in randomized blocks scheme with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: fallow (control), millet (Pennisetum glaucum) + crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis + C. juncea + C. ochroleuca), millet + pigeon pea (Cajanus cajans), millet + Urochloa ruziziensis, millet + Urochloa ruziziensis + pigeon pea and millet + buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum. The evaluations were done at 30, 75 and 225 days after sowing of the cover crops (DAS). The main growth weed species in the area were Cenchrus echinathus, Euphorbia heterophylla and Digitaria insularis. Fallow treatment showed greater number of weed species with density of 184 plants m-2, 9.0 species and with 527.8 g m-2 of dry matter mass at 225 DAS. In all treatments verified reduction in the density and mass of weeds dry matter compared to the fallow, with average of 30 plants m-2, 5.8 species and 7.9 g m-2 at 225 DAS, respectively. The use of cover crops is an important strategy for weed control in agricultural areas.

scholarly journals Dry Mass Accumulation, Nutrients and Decomposition of Cover Plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Conceição de Sousa ◽  
João Carlos Medeiros ◽  
Julian Junio de Jesus Lacerda ◽  
Jaqueline Dalla Rosa ◽  
Cácio Luiz Boechat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pennisetum Glaucum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Crotalaria Spectabilis

The use of cover crops is an important strategy for soil management in the Brazilian Cerrado to improve no-tillage (NT) systems. For this, it is necessary know the potential of cover crop species for biomass production, nutrient cycling, and persistence of residues on the soil surface in soils and climatic conditions of this biome. Thus, the experiment was developed to evaluate the agronomic potential of cover crops cultivated on an Oxisol (Latossolo Amarelo) in the Cerrado of Piauí, Brazil. The experiment was conducted from January 2015 to July 2016. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 11 treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of single and intercropped cover species. The evaluations were: dry mass production, nutritional composition of the plants, nutrient accumulation by dry mass produced and decomposition rate of the dry mass produced for each treatment. The higher dry matter production was obtained with Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Pennisetum glaucum and Brachiaria ruziziensis. The lower dry matter production was obtained with Mucuna aterrima, and mix of Crotalaria spectabilis + Pennisetum glaucum. The higher nutrients accumulation in the plants occurred for Cajanus cajan (cv. IAC-Fava larga), Crotalaria juncea and Crotalaria spectabilis. The cover plants studied presented good potential for soil conservation, due to the permanence of residues on the surface, except for Mucuna aterrima and Crotalaria spectabilis.

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