Velvet Bean and Cowpea Residual Effects on Maize Crop in Smallholder Farming Areas of Zimbabwe

Obert Jiri; Paramu L Mafongoya

doi:10.5539/sar.v7n1p54

Velvet Bean and Cowpea Residual Effects on Maize Crop in Smallholder Farming Areas of Zimbabwe

Sustainable Agriculture Research ◽

10.5539/sar.v7n1p54 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Obert Jiri ◽

Paramu L Mafongoya

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Maize Crop ◽

On Farm

On-farm research was conducted in Dendenyore Communal Land and Zana Resettlement areas of Hwedza District, Zimbabwe from 1999 to 2001. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of velvet bean and cowpea on growth and yield of maize in legume-maize rotation system. A total of 14 treatments, which consisted of forage legume and maize crops were examined. The experiment was established in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicates. On-farm sites were the replicates. The results show a significant residual effect of velvet bean and cowpea, when grown with single super phosphate fertiliser, on the maize stover and grain yield. They indicate significant phosphorus residual effects on a subsequent maize crop on sandy soils. Forage legumes contribute to residual soil fertility in fallen leaves and roots that increases yield of subsequent crops. The results also reveal that biomass production in perennial leys, grazed during the dry season, would be greater in the second season than in the establishment year. The results also indicate that in the velvet bean systems, especially green manure, nitrogen is lost very early in the season. This may lead to lack of synchrony between nutrient availability and crop uptake. The maize after green manure system had a nitrogen use efficiency of about 11 kg/kg of nitrogen applied. These results show the residual potential of forage legumes in reducing nitrogen fertiliser need for subsequent maize crops in mixed livestock-cropping systems.

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FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES IN CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS WITH MAIZE–LEGUME COVER CROP ROTATIONS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479716000387 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 288-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

W. MUPANGWA ◽

C. THIERFELDER ◽

A. NGWIRA

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Green Manure ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Maize Yield ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Velvet Bean ◽

Maize Production

SUMMARYMultilocation experiments were established to determine the best strategy for using inorganic fertilizer in conservation agriculture (CA) systems that use green manure cover crops, namely sunhemp, velvet bean and cowpea grown in rotation with maize. The objectives of the study were to determine (i) the effect of half and full rates of basal fertilizer on maize and legume biomass yields, (ii) the residual effects of unfertilized, half and fully fertilized green manure legumes on maize grown after the legumes, and (iii) the residual effect of unfertilized, half and fully fertilized green manure legumes combined with basal and topdressing fertilizer on maize yields. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with basal fertilizer as a treatment in the green manure legumes phase. Previously, in the maize phase, green manure legume species were the main treatment with basal fertilizer as a subtreatment (sunhemp, velvet bean and cowpea: 0, 75, 150 kg ha−1and 0, 50, 100 kg ha−1, respectively). Nitrogen was applied in the maize phase at 0, 23, 46, 69 kg N ha−1as a sub-subtreatment in Malawi. Results showed that inorganic fertilizer is the most effective when applied to the maize, not green manure legumes. Biomass of green manure legumes, sunnhemp 8084 kg ha−1, velvet bean 7678 kg ha−1and cowpea 4520 kg ha−1, was not significantly affected by application of basal fertilizer. Maize production increased after the application of green manure legumes with maize-after-maize, maize-after-velvet bean, maize-after-sunnhemp and maize-after-cowpea, yielding 3804, 5440, 5446 and 5339 kg ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen increased maize yield regardless of the previously used green manure legumes species. Our results suggest that farmers should apply fertilizer to maize and grow green manure legumes on residual soil in CA systems. Despite growing green manure legumes, smallholders should apply nitrogen topdressing to maize grown using the green manure legumes in some agro-ecologies.

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Doses of Crotalaria juncea: Residual effect on zucchini and maize crop in sequence to broccoli

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/0034-737x201764060006 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 600-606

Author(s):

Ellen Rúbia Diniz ◽

Thiago de O Vargas ◽

Amanda F Guedes ◽

Ricardo Henrique Silva Santos ◽

Segundo Urquiaga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Maize Crop ◽

Crotalaria Juncea ◽

Absolute Control

ABSTRACT Amounts of N from green manures not absorbed in the first cycle can be absorbed by the subsequent crops. Therefore, it is important to quantify and monitor the residual effects of green manure to increase the agronomic benefits of its use in cropping systems. Our purpose was to study the residual effect of doses of the Crotalaria juncea green manure applied in broccoli crop in the zucchini-maize succession. This study was carried out in a crop succession system organized in three crops, with seven treatments and four major doses of green manure as 0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha-1. The control treatments consisted of a mineral fertilization, a treatment with 25 t ha-1 compost, and another as absolute control without organic compost or mineral fertilizer. The experimental plot consisted of five rows spaced 0.8 m with 3 m in length. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with four replications in a split-plot scheme in time for growth with variables of adjustment of statistical models by the response surface methodology. With the highest dose of green manure, the yield of zucchini plants was greater than the yield with 25 t ha-1 compost control and similar with mineral fertilizer. As for the maize yield in the dose of 9 t ha-1 green manure, the yield was superior only to absolute control. There was a residual effect of C. juncea mass, which was applied in broccoli crop for growth and yield of zucchini and maize grown in succession. The residual effect is dependent on the amount of weight of C. juncea applied, with the greatest effects in larger doses.

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Direct and Residual Effect of Sulphur and Zinc on Potato-Boro-T. Aman Rice Cropping Pattern

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v19i1.16987 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 33-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

MA Tarafder ◽

MQ Haque ◽

MM Rahman ◽

MR Khan

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Yield Attributes ◽

The Third ◽

Boro Rice

The experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) sub-staion, Tajhat, Ranpure, using potato-Boro-T. aman rice cropping pattern with an objective to evaluate the direct and residual effects of sulphur and zinc on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake by the crops. The surface soil was sandy loam texture, pH 6.3, organic matter 1.24%, available sulphur 6.62 ppm and available zinc 0.45 ppm. The experiment comprised of eight treatments for potato S15Zn2 (T2, T4 and T8, S8Zn1 (T5 and T6)and S0Zn0 (T1, T3 and T7), for boro rice S20Zn4 (T3, T5, T6 and T7) and S0Zn0 (T1, T3, T4 and T6). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Average tuber yield of potato (var. cardinal) varied from 28.29 to 32.86 t ha-1 with the highest yield in S15Zn2 treatment (100% recommended dose) and the lowest was in the S0Zn0 treatment (control). In the second crop (Boro rice), growth and yield attributes, grain and straw yields responded significantly to S and Zn applied either in the first crop or in both crops. The average grain yield varied from 3.51 to 5.27 t ha-1 over the treatments. In the third crop (T. aman rice), the grain and straw yields responded significantly to S and Zn applied either in the first and second crop or in the third crops. The grain yield of T. aman rice varied from 2.96 to 4.46 t ha-1 over the treatments. The growth and yield contributing characters were also significantly influenced by the treatment. There was a significant direct and residual effect of the treatments on S and Zn uptake by the crops.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.16987 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 33 - 38, 2008

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Effects of zinc and boron application on onion and their residual effects on Mungbean

Progressive Agriculture ◽

10.3329/pa.v26i2.25961 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 90-96

Author(s):

R Begum ◽

M Jahiruddin ◽

MA Kader ◽

MA Haque ◽

ABMA Hoque

Keyword(s):

Plant Height ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Silt Loam ◽

Yield Parameters ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Pod Length ◽

S Fertilizers

The effect of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) on the growth and yield of onion as well as their residual effect on mungbean were investigated in this study. The field experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University Farm, Mymensingh. The soil was silt loam having 6.92 pH, 2.82% organic matter, 0.63 µg g-1 available Zn and 0.27 µg g-1 available B contents. There were nine treatments comprising three rates of Zn (0, 2 and 4 kg ha-1) and three rates of B (0, 1.5 and 3 kg ha-1) in all combinations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Zinc as ZnSO4.7H2O and boron as H3BO3 were applied to the first crop (onion cv. Faridpuri). Mungbean (cv. BINA Mung8) was grown on the same plots after harvesting of onion, with no further addition of Zn and B. For both crops, N, P, K and S fertilizers were added to the all plots as per recommendation (FRG-2012). Application of Zn and B significantly influenced the growth and yield parameters of crops viz. plant height, bulb diameter, bulb length and bulb yield for onion, and plant height, pods plant-1, pod length, 1000-seed weight and seed yield for mungbean. Addition of Zn at 4 kg ha-1 and B at 3 kg ha-1 compared to control (Zn0B0) gave 52% yield benefits for onion and 99% yield benefits for mungbean. Zinc and B concentrations as well as their uptake by onion bulb were also positively influenced by the added Zn and B. The results suggest that application of Zn at 4 kg ha-1 coupled with B at 3 kg ha-1 along with NPKS is required to achieve higher yield of onion and mungbean in Old Brahmaputra Floodplain (AEZ 9).Progressive Agriculture 26 (2): 90-96, 2015

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Residual Effect of Green Manure on the Growth and Yield of BRRI dhan28

Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources ◽

10.3329/jesnr.v9i1.30288 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 35-40

Author(s):

MR Islam ◽

Z Ryhana ◽

MA Hoque ◽

A Huda ◽

MLN Begum

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Green Manure ◽

Block Design ◽

N Uptake ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Total N ◽

Science Field ◽

Straw Yield ◽

Rice Yields

Green manuring is a promising technology to enrich soils with organic matter especially with nitrogen to boost up rice production. An experiment was, therefore, conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2013 to evaluate the residual effect of Sesbania green manure on the growth and yield of BRRI dhan28. There were nine treatments laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results demonstrate that the treatment T8 containing 75% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and green manure incorporated at 70 DAS produced the highest grain yield of 4967 kg ha-1 and straw yield of 5359 kg ha-1. The lowest grain yield (4208 kg ha-1) and straw yield (4352 kg ha-1) were recorded for the treatment T1 (GM incorporated at 40 DAS + 50% RD of NF). Green manure exerted significant residual effect on grain N uptake, straw N uptake and total N uptake of BRRI dhan28. The residual effect of green manure was the higher in producing rice yields in treatments with the application of 75% of recommended N fertilizer with green manure incorporated at 50 or 70 DAS.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 9(1): 35-40 2016

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Tillage and Residual effect of some Organic Amendments on Aggregate associated Soil Carbon of an Ultisol, Growth and Yield of Maize and Cowpea Intercrop

10.36265/njss.2018.28020 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 31-41

Author(s):

Onunwa A.O ◽

Igwe C.A ◽

Mbonu O.A.

Keyword(s):

Soil Carbon ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Soil Tillage ◽

Southeastern Nigeria ◽

Poultry Droppings ◽

Better Than

We investigated the tillage and residual effects of some organic amendments on aggregate -associated soil carbon (C WSA) and yield of maize and cowpea intercrop in an Ultisol, Southeastern Nigeria. A land area of 0.1125 ha was planted to sole cowpea, sole maize and maize-cowpea intercrop using minimum tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) with poultry droppings (PD), pig waste (PW), and Cassava peels (CP) as amendments at the rates of 20, 90, 100 t/ha respectively and a control. The experimental design was a split -split plot in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The same crops, treatments, and replications were maintained for two experimental years (2011 and 2012), after that the residual effect of the amendments on aggregate-associated soil carbon (C WSA) and yield of the test crops was investigated in 2013. Consecutive application of organic amendments for the two years necessitated great improvement on aggregate-associated soil carbon (C WSA) for aggregate sizes > 0.25mm. However, when the amendments were withdrawn, there was a reduction in C WSA values though still significant except for aggregate sizes 1-0.5mm. Pig waste was observed to perform better than all the other amendments followed by Poultry Droppings in aggregating the soil. Tillage had a significant effect on C WSA for aggregate sizes >0.05mm, CT performed better than NT. Organic amendments significantly influenced cowpea and Maize both as sole and intercrop, however, it was observed that the intercrop had a tremendous improvement at the residual compared to the previous years.

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Residual Effects of Red Gram [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] on Growth, Yield and Quality of Fodder Maize (Zea mays L.)

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-5830 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

G. Anjana Devaraj ◽

Sheeba Rebecca Isaac

Keyword(s):

Crop Residues ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Chemical Fertilizer ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Nutrient Inputs ◽

Available N ◽

Planting Geometry ◽

Residue Incorporation

Background: Bio-recycling of crop residues is contemplated as an environment friendly soil enrichment and conservation practice that sustains agricultural productivity in the long run. Legume residues are privileged by the unique nitrogen fixing capacity and rhizospheric properties that enhance soil fertility, thereby reducing the need for chemical nutrient inputs. The present study was conducted to evaluate the residual effect of red gram on fodder maize cultivated as succeeding crop in the southern laterites of Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. Methods: The field experiment to assess the effect of red gram residue incorporation on the growth and yield of fodder maize was carried out in the Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala during June - August 2019. Fodder maize (African tall) was sown in the plots after incorporation of crop residues of red gram varieties (APK 1 and Vamban (Rg) 3) grown under different planting geometry (40 cm x 20 cm and 60 cm x 30 cm) and NPK doses (40:80:40, 30:60:30 and 20:40:20 kg NPK ha-1) and compared with the package of practices recommendation and in randomized block design (RBD) replicated thrice. Result: Significantly higher quantities of red gram residues were realised and incorporated in the treatments involving a planting geometry of 40 cm x 20 cm and an NPK dose of 40:80:40 kg NPK ha-1 in both varieties used, Vamban (Rg) 3 and APK 1 (T7 and T1). Nutrient contents in the residues and decomposition in T1 and T7 resulted in the maximum additions in soil, available N, P and K status and dehydrogenase activity. Evaluation of the residual effects of the legume on fodder maize revealed the significantly highest growth and yields in maize raised with chemical fertilizers as per package recommendation and, among the residue incorporated treatments, maximum plant height and fodder yields were recorded in the treatment in which residues of Vamban (Rg) 3 raised at 40 cm x 20 cm spacing and fertilised with 40:80:40 kg NPK ha-1 were incorporated, on par with variety APK 1 raised under same management practice. The green fodder yield with residue incorporation was 80-90 per cent that under chemical fertilizer managed treatment. Among the quality parameters, crude protein (9.30%) was the highest with chemical fertilizer application while carbohydrate content (66.23%) was the lowest.

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Use of Abattoir Wastewater Compost as Organic Fertilizer for Rice Production on a Ultisol in Delta State, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development ◽

10.18488/journal.ajard.2020.102.682.689 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 682-689

Author(s):

Smart Augustine Ojobor ◽

Collins N Egbuchua

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Residual Effects ◽

First Year ◽

Rice Yields ◽

Abattoir Wastewater ◽

Nutrient Changes

The research was conducted to monitor the influent of abattoir wastewater compost on rice growth and yield in Benin-Owah River Basin in Illah, Delta State, Nigeria. The compost was applied at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 t/ha, and NPK15:15:15 at 250 kg/ha laid in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Rice seeds were sown for two years, and residual effects were evaluated in the third year. Rice plant height, stem circumference, and the number of tillers was measured at two weeks intervals while rice yields have taken at harvest. Soil samples were taken yearly to monitor nutrient changes. Data obtained were analyzed with analysis of variance and mean separated with Duncan Multiple Range Test at α0.05. In the first year, NPK15:15:15 significantly gave the highest dry matter (6.28±1.45 t/ha) and grain yield (2.4±0.53 t/ha). While in the second year, 10 t/ha treatment produced the dry matter (7.69±1.60 t/ha) and grain yield (2.6±0.53 t/ha). In a residual study, the highest grain yield (2.8±0.72 t/ha) was produced in the plot treated with 10 t/ha, and it also gave the highest pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available P content. The compost at the rate of 10 t/ha can increase soil fertility and rice yield.

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Productivity, nutrients uptake and quality of forage oat (Avena sativa) and residual soil fertility as influenced by nitrogen and FYM

ANNALS OF PLANT AND SOIL RESEARCH ◽

10.47815/apsr.2021.10027 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 42-47

Author(s):

MANOJ PANDEY

Keyword(s):

Soil Fertility ◽

Avena Sativa ◽

Block Design ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Residual Soil ◽

Post Harvest ◽

Available Nutrients

A field experiment was conducted during rabi season (2014-16) at Research Farm, R.B.S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) to study the effect of nitrogen and FYM levels on growth, yield and uptake of nutrients in oat (Avena sativa L.) and soil fertility. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four levels of nitrogen (0,50,100 and 150 kg ha-1) and three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) with three replications. The results revealed that the plant height, yields of oat crop increased significantly up to 150 kg N and 10 t FYM ha-1 over control. The maximum values of green foliage (447.16 and 414,03 qha-1) and dry matter yield (64.98 and 60.30 q ha-1) were recorded with 150 kg N and 10 t FYM ha-1 , respectively. The application of FYM alone was also found to be more beneficial in terms of growth and yield of oat crop over control. The interaction effect between 150 kg N ha-1 and 10 t FYM ha-1 recorded maximum yield than other treatment combination. The maximum content (14.14 and 14.10 %) and yield of protein in oat crop (920.6 and 853.5 kg ha-1) were recorded with 150 kg N and 10 t FYM ha-1 but maximum value of crude fiber (32.96 and 33.7 %) were recorded under control, respectively. However, crude fiber content in oat was not affected significantly with N and FYM levels. The uptake of major (N,P and K) and micronutrients (Fe,Mn,Cu and Zn) by oat crop increased significantly with the levels of nitrogen up to 150 kg ha-1 and FYM 10 t ha-1, respectively. The status of organic carbon and available nutrients in post harvest soil improved with 150 kg N and 10 t FYM ha-1.The minimum amounts of available nutrients in post harvest soil were recorded under control treatment.

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Produção de rabanete sob o efeito residual da adubação verde no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula

Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável ◽

10.18378/rvads.v10i5.3690 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 98

Author(s):

A. K. Oliveira ◽

J. S. S. Lima ◽

A. M. A. Bezerra ◽

G. S. O. Rodrigues ◽

M. L. S. Medeiros

Keyword(s):

Green Manure ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Block Design ◽

Residual Effect ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Soil Improvement ◽

Productive Capacity ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design ◽

Promising Practice ◽

Commercial Yield

Sistemas de cultivo com incorporação de adubos verdes podem preservar a capacidade produtiva do solo em longo prazo, oferecendo resíduos que proporcionarão melhorias nas condições físicas, química e biológica do solo tornando-o propício para a implantação de uma cultura sucedente. Diante disso, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar produção de rabanete sob o efeito residual da adubação verde no consórcio de beterraba e rúcula. O delineamento experimental usado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram o efeito residual de quatro quantidades de flor-de-seda incorporadas ao solo (10, 25, 40 e 55 t ha-¹ em base seca). As características avaliadas na cultura do rabanete foram: altura e diâmetro de plantas, número de folhas, produtividade total e comercial de raízes, massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes. O efeito residual da incorporação de flor-de-seda ao solo na quantidade de 55 t ha-¹ proporcionou a maior produtividade de raízes comerciais de rabanete, e assim podemos afirmar que a adubação verde com flor-de-seda apresenta-se como uma prática promissora para o produtor de hortaliças em cultivo sucessivo.Radish production under the residual effect of green manure in the consortium beet and arugulaAbstract: Cropping systems in with incorporation of green manures can preserve the productive capacity of the soil over time providing waste to the soil improvement in the conditions physical, chemical and biological, making it suitable for the implementation of a succeeding crop. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the radish production under the residual effect of green manure in the consortium beet and arugula. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with five replications. The treatments were the residual effect of four amounts of fleur-de-silk incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-¹ dry basis). The characteristics evaluated in the radish production were: plant height, diameter, total and commercial yield of roots, dry weight of shoots and roots. The residual effect of the fleur-de-silk incorporation into the soil in the amount of 55 t ha-¹ provided the highest yield of commercial radish roots. The green manure with fleur-de-silk was presented as a promising practice for the producer of vegetables in succeeding crop.

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