scholarly journals Working Over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Charles Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Over Time

scholarly journals Working over Time: Dynamic Inconsistency in Real Effort Tasks *

2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 1067-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ned Augenblick ◽  
Muriel Niederle ◽  
Charles Sprenger
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Power ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Time Inconsistency ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Present Bias ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Experimental tests of dynamically inconsistent time preferences have largely relied on choices over time-dated monetary rewards. Several recent studies have failed to find the standard patterns of present bias. However, such monetary studies contain often-discussed confounds. In this article, we sidestep these confounds and investigate choices over consumption (real effort) in a longitudinal experiment. We pair this effort study with a companion monetary discounting study. We confirm very limited time inconsistency in monetary choices. However, subjects show considerably more present bias in effort. Furthermore, present bias in the allocation of work has predictive power for demand of a meaningfully binding commitment device. Therefore our findings validate a key implication of models of dynamic inconsistency, with corresponding policy implications.

The Problem of Chronic Refugee Communities: Applying Complexity Theory to the Situation Along the Thai–Myanmar Border

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ora-Orn Poocharoen ◽  
Jeffrey D. Straussman ◽  
David E. Guinn
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Complexity Theory ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Adaptive Techniques ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Intractable long-term or chronic refugee communities present serious challenges to common refugee-management strategies. We argue that they are best understood and managed by using adaptive techniques drawn from complexity theory. To illustrate this strategy, we use the refugee communities situated along the Thai–Myanmar border as a case study. The article outlines the key elements of complexity theory, the complexity lens, for use in analysis of the problem. It then applies the complexity lens to the case study: identifying and describing the actors and networks that compose the complex system of the Thai–My refugees (the complex system) and the dynamic developments within that community over time (dynamic development). Based on this analysis, the article utilizes the complexity lens to evaluate the policy options commonly offered for the management of this ongoing refugee situation.

A 25-year dynamic ecological analysis of psychiatric hospital admissions and prison committals: Penrose’s hypothesis updated

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. O’Neill ◽  
B. D. Kelly ◽  
H. G. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Hospital ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Measures ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Static Cross

AimsThere is renewed interest in the inverse association between psychiatric hospital and prison places, with reciprocal time trends shown in more than one country. We hypothesised that the numbers of admissions to psychiatric hospitals and committals to prisons in Ireland would also correlate inversely over time (i.e. dynamic measures of admission and committal rather than static, cross-sectional numbers of places).MethodPublicly available activity statistics for psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland were collated from 1986 to 2010.ResultsThere was a reciprocal association between psychiatric admissions and prison committals (Pearson r=−0.788, p<0.001), an increase of 91 prison committals for every 100 psychiatric hospital admissions foregone.ConclusionPenrose’s hypothesis applies to admissions to psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland over time (dynamic measures), just as it does to the numbers of places in psychiatric hospitals and prisons in Ireland and elsewhere (static, cross-sectional measures). Although no causal connection can be definitively established yet, mentally disordered prisoners are usually known to community mental health services. Psychiatric services for prisons and the community should be linked to ensure that the needs of those currently accessing care through prisons can also be met in the community.

scholarly journals Aspects of the theory of environmental policy in developing countries

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal ◽  
Hamid Beladi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Dynamic Inconsistency ◽  
Pollution Taxes ◽  
Financing Constraint ◽  
Optimal Environmental Policy ◽  
Over Time

We study two issues relating to the conduct of environmental policy in developing countries (DCs). First, when faced with a self-financing constraint, should an environmental authority (EA) raise/lower pollution taxes over time or should it run a deficit/surplus? Second, given recent findings about the dynamic inconsistency of optimal environmental policy, should an EA make its preferences about the relative benefits of environmental protection versus production public, or should it keep its preferences private? Our analysis reveals that when faced with a self-financing constraint, it is optimal for the EA to run a deficit/surplus. Second, social losses are lower when this EA keeps its preferences private.

The Location of Industry

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustav F. Papanek
Keyword(s):  
Location Theory ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Locational Decisions ◽  
Reasons For Decisions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
New Industry ◽  
Over Time

Location theory must be one of economic theory's least applied branches. The theoretical literature on industrial location is extensive, the empirical evidence sparse. There are many reasons for the gap between theory and evidence. It has proved difficult to measure the impact of location on costs and returns since data are not available on enterprises with similar production functions, but different locations. The responses of industrialists to questions about location decisions give unreliable results since sample surveys of industrialists are inevitably biased by the exclusion of those who considered but rejected a particular location or who failed because they made the wrong locational decisions. Surveys also suffer from rationalizations and ex-post explanations. Even if a location decision was based on a rumour or accident, an industrialist may well develop a more logical explanation afterwards. Surveys also obtain a picture of the average reason for investment over time and it is difficult to deter¬mine the predominant reason at any particular time. Without a time profile of the reasons for decisions, one cannot link them to causal factors which undoubt¬edly changed over time. Dynamic and accidental factors are especially important in location decisions and are difficult to analyze. For instance, the first factory in an industry may be located because an empty building exists. Later investors in the new industry may locate near the pioneer just because they draw assurance from his success. Both the initial accident and the later nonrational elements are unlikely to be uncovered by a survey or other techniques.

scholarly journals HESS Opinions Catchments as meta-organisms – a new blueprint for hydrological modelling

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1107-1116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert H. G. Savenije ◽  
Markus Hrachowitz
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Newtonian Theory ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Drainage Patterns ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Catchment-scale hydrological models frequently miss essential characteristics of what determines the functioning of catchments. The most important active agent in catchments is the ecosystem. It manipulates and partitions moisture in a way that supports the essential functions of survival and productivity: infiltration of water, retention of moisture, mobilization and retention of nutrients, and drainage. Ecosystems do this in the most efficient way, establishing a continuous, ever-evolving feedback loop with the landscape and climatic drivers. In brief, hydrological systems are alive and have a strong capacity to adjust themselves to prevailing and changing environmental conditions. Although most models take Newtonian theory at heart, as best they can, what they generally miss is Darwinian theory on how an ecosystem evolves and adjusts its environment to maintain crucial hydrological functions. In addition, catchments, such as many other natural systems, do not only evolve over time, but develop features of spatial organization, including surface or sub-surface drainage patterns, as a by-product of this evolution. Models that fail to account for patterns and the associated feedbacks miss a critical element of how systems at the interface of atmosphere, biosphere and pedosphere function. In contrast to what is widely believed, relatively simple, semi-distributed conceptual models have the potential to accommodate organizational features and their temporal evolution in an efficient way, a reason for that being that because their parameters (and their evolution over time) are effective at the modelling scale, and thus integrate natural heterogeneity within the system, they may be directly inferred from observations at the same scale, reducing the need for calibration and related problems. In particular, the emergence of new and more detailed observation systems from space will lead towards a more robust understanding of spatial organization and its evolution. This will further permit the development of relatively simple time-dynamic functional relationships that can meaningfully represent spatial patterns and their evolution over time, even in poorly gauged environments.

Nationalism and the strength of secessionism in Western Europe: Static and dynamic autonomy

2020 ◽  
pp. 019251212096490
Author(s):  
André Lecours
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
South Tyrol ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time ◽  
West European

Contrary to the dominant expectations of the late 20th century, secessionism surged in two West European minority national communities, Catalonia and Scotland, over the last decade. Yet, in two others enjoying similar degrees of autonomy, Flanders and South Tyrol, secessionism did not gain strength. This outcome suggests that focusing on the degree of autonomy afforded to minority national communities is misplaced. This article shows that the nature of autonomy is more important than its degree for understanding the strength of secessionism. It demonstrates that the key to autonomy regimes weakening secessionism is their capacity to adjust and expand over time. Dynamic autonomy staves off secessionism while static autonomy stimulates it. The article is based on a controlled comparison of, on the one hand, Catalonia and Scotland, where autonomy regimes have been mostly static during key periods of time, and, on the other hand, Flanders and South Tyrol, where they have been dynamic.

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