Endogenous Fertility, Mortality and Economic Growth: Can a Malthusian Framework Account for the Conflicting Historical Trends in Population?

The objective of this paper is to show that there is a trade-off between global inequality (between countries) and national inequality (within countries). We observed that when the former declines, the latter increases. Empirically, it is possible to observe a shift from higher global inequality to lower global inequality levels (and higher national inequality levels) since the last quarter of the previous century. From a historical perspective, my thesis is that when the main drivers of economic growth are technology and means of transportation, inequality is mostly between countries (higher global inequality). In contrast, when the main driver of economic growth is labour (and related factors such as human capital, skills, knowledge exploitation), then inequality is mostly within countries (higher national inequality). Limitations of data availability did not allow for testing these historical trends. However, the trends of global and national inequalities over the last three to four decades confirm such a thesis.

Download Full-text

Money, endogenous fertility and economic growth

Journal of Macroeconomics ◽

10.1016/j.jmacro.2002.09.001 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 527-539 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Alberto Petrucci

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Endogenous Fertility

Download Full-text

Through the Irregular Paths of Inequality: An Analysis of the Evolution of Socioeconomic Inequality in Brazilian States Since 1976

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13042356 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 2356

Author(s):

Paulo Mourao ◽

Alexandre Junqueira

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Time Series ◽

Gini Coefficient ◽

Structural Breaks ◽

Socioeconomic Inequality ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Gini Coefficients ◽

Growth Policy ◽

The World ◽

High Degree

Patterns of inequality tend to seriously undermine any attempt at economic growth policy when the inequality is perceived by significant groups of individuals as unjust, inhuman, and insurmountable. One country with a high degree of inequality has been Brazil (usually in the world top-10). Brazil had also witnessed strong dynamics of certain indicators, such as the Gini coefficient, over the last several decades. However, so far, such dynamics have not been properly analyzed, especially considering the significant differences across Brazilian states. For filling that gap, this study used econometric techniques specific to time series and tried to identify structural breaks in the series of Gini coefficients for the 27 Brazilian states since 1976. Results showed a tendency towards an increase in inequality until 1995, followed by a reduction in inequality since 2000. Some cases of Brazilian states were related to the absence of structural breaks, showing a maintenance of historical trends in the evolution of inequality, which raises important policies’ challenges.

Download Full-text

Corruption in Nepal: An Analytical Study

Tribhuvan University Journal ◽

10.3126/tuj.v32i1.24793 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 273-292

Author(s):

R. K. Shah

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Democratic Republic ◽

Nationwide Survey ◽

Trade Relation ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Transparency International ◽

Determinants Of Corruption ◽

International Corruption ◽

Theoretical Issues

Nepal is the 122 least corrupt nations out of 175 countries throughout the world according to the 2017 ‘Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)’ reported by Transparency International. Corruption Rank in Nepal averaged 127.64 from 2004 until 2017 A.D., reaching an all time high of 154 in 2011 and a record low of 90 in 2004. Various cases of VAT fraud, massive irregularities in the distribution of relief materials of earthquake victims and the government’s failure to control the artificial increase of fuel and basic goods, prices after Madhesh agitation and crisis in Nepal-India trade relation has evidenced that corruption in Nepal has becoming systemic. However, no study is undertaken to estimate the magnitude of corruption. Therefore, along with the promulgation of the Federal Democratic Republic Constitution of Nepal 2015 AD, time has come to conduct a nationwide survey to estimate the magnitude of corruption in Nepalese economy and identify the measures to control it. This study has analyzed the historical trends of corruption and economic growth as well as conceptual and theoretical issues of corruption. Moreover this study tries to analyze the trend, extend and explore the determinants of corruption in Nepal. The causes of corruption are bad system of governance, bad incentives and weak civil society. The major determinants of corruption are economic growth, trade liberalization, inflation and Human Development index.

Download Full-text

The Effects of a Revenue-Neutral Child Subsidy Tax Mechanism on Growth and GHG Emissions

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11092585 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 2585 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ronald R. Kumar ◽

Peter J. Stauvermann

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Child Rearing ◽

High Fertility ◽

Controversial Issues ◽

Endogenous Fertility ◽

Economic Activities ◽

Overlapping Generation ◽

Greenhouse Emissions ◽

High Fertility Rate

Growing population, greenhouse gas emissions, and the pressure to improve economic growth are conflicting and controversial issues at the core of political economy. In this paper, using a theoretical model, we show that by shifting relative costs of child-rearing and costs for education, we can achieve a slowdown in population growth and greenhouse emissions, and an enhancement of economic growth. These goals are based on two fundamental considerations—the quantity–quality tradeoff with respect to the choice of the number, and the educational level of children. An analysis is presented using a standard overlapping generation (OLG) framework that is extended with human capital, endogenous fertility, and changing life expectancy. The environmental impact of economic activities is modeled using a modified IPAT framework. Our results show that it is possible to reduce the level of carbon emissions of the whole economy and to generate a Pareto improvement. Subsequently, an economic strategy is presented that is costless, has various advantages, and particularly useful for countries experiencing high fertility rate that are not sustainable.

Download Full-text