scholarly journals Through the Irregular Paths of Inequality: An Analysis of the Evolution of Socioeconomic Inequality in Brazilian States Since 1976

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2356
Author(s):  
Paulo Mourao ◽  
Alexandre Junqueira
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Growth Policy ◽  
The World ◽  
High Degree

Patterns of inequality tend to seriously undermine any attempt at economic growth policy when the inequality is perceived by significant groups of individuals as unjust, inhuman, and insurmountable. One country with a high degree of inequality has been Brazil (usually in the world top-10). Brazil had also witnessed strong dynamics of certain indicators, such as the Gini coefficient, over the last several decades. However, so far, such dynamics have not been properly analyzed, especially considering the significant differences across Brazilian states. For filling that gap, this study used econometric techniques specific to time series and tried to identify structural breaks in the series of Gini coefficients for the 27 Brazilian states since 1976. Results showed a tendency towards an increase in inequality until 1995, followed by a reduction in inequality since 2000. Some cases of Brazilian states were related to the absence of structural breaks, showing a maintenance of historical trends in the evolution of inequality, which raises important policies’ challenges.

scholarly journals Examining GDP Growth and Its Volatility: An Episodic Approach

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 890
Author(s):  
Jakub Bartak ◽  
Łukasz Jabłoński ◽  
Agnieszka Jastrzębska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Per Capita

In this paper, we study economic growth and its volatility from an episodic perspective. We first demonstrate the ability of the genetic algorithm to detect shifts in the volatility and levels of a given time series. Having shown that it works well, we then use it to detect structural breaks that segment the GDP per capita time series into episodes characterized by different means and volatility of growth rates. We further investigate whether a volatile economy is likely to grow more slowly and analyze the determinants of high/low growth with high/low volatility patterns. The main results indicate a negative relationship between volatility and growth. Moreover, the results suggest that international trade simultaneously promotes growth and increases volatility, human capital promotes growth and stability, and financial development reduces volatility and negatively correlates with growth.

scholarly journals Changes of China’s agri-food exports to Germany caused by its accession to WTO and the 2008 financial crisis

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhichao Guo ◽  
Yuanhua Feng ◽  
Thomas Gries
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate changes of China’s agri-food exports to Germany caused by China’s accession to WTO and the global financial crisis in a quantitative way. The paper aims to detect structural breaks and compare differences before and after the change points. Design/methodology/approach – The structural breaks detection procedures in this paper can be applied to find out two different types of change points, i.e. in the middle and at the end of one time series. Then time series and regression models are used to compare differences of trade relationship before and after the detected change points. The methods can be employed in any economic series and work well in practice. Findings – The results indicate that structural breaks in 2002 and 2009 are caused by China’s accession to WTO and the financial crisis. Time series and regression models show that the development of China’s exports to Germany in agri-food products has different features in different sub-periods. Before 1999, there is no significant relationship between China’s exports to Germany and Germany’s imports from the world. Between 2002 and 2008 the former depends on the latter very strongly, and China’s exports to Germany developed quickly and stably. It decreased, however suddenly in 2009, caused by the great reduction of Germany’s imports from the world in that year. But China’s market share in Germany still had a small gain. Analysis of two categories in agri-food trade also leads to similar conclusions. Comparing the two events we see rather different patterns even if they both indicate structural breaks in the development of China’s agri-food exports to Germany. Originality/value – This paper partly originally proposes two statistical algorithms for detecting different kinds of structural breaks in the middle part and at the end of a short-time series, respectively.

scholarly journals Small and Medium Business Management-Financial Sources and Difficulties

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Abiodun Eniola ◽  
Harry Entebang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Growth Policy ◽  
Firm Financing ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Small And Medium Business

SMEs has performed an unparalleled role in coming to the Nigeria economic growth and assist as a training ground for entrepreneurs and a provider of solutions to address the challenges of unemployment in all consuming labours and promoting marketing growth. An opportunity for the wholesome advancement of SMEs in Nigeria was in connection to the sea change and growth policy as a consequence of the rapid advancement of the global economic system. But with the world economic unification, SMEs business environment is facing tremendous changes and more intense competition. Hence, the reason for this study is to confront the sources of SME firm financing, conceptualise its financial challenges and source causes with objectives to exploit the increase and advancement of SMEs prospectively.

Why China Needs to Urgently Address its Rising Income Inequality

2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
John WONG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Recently, China published its Gini coefficients for the past 10 years, which all exceeded the warning level of 0.4. China's inequality level is among the highest 10% of countries in the world. In fact, the sources of China's income inequality stemmed from the sources of China's economic growth. Long-term remedy requires fundamental structural changes like removing institutional biases against equality and providing a more equal access to educational and income-earning opportunities.

scholarly journals Changes In The Financial System Stability Of Asean Founder Countries Due To Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1635-1643
Author(s):  
Rusiadi ◽  
Anwar Sanusi ◽  
Ade Novalina ◽  
Milenia M Tafonao ◽  
Audre Aprillia
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Financial System ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
T Test ◽  
System Stability ◽  
Test Model ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
The World ◽  
The Stability

The threat of the spread of coronavirus to economic growth and inflation in countries in the world will also seep into the global and domestic macrofinancial sector. This research was conducted to analyze how the level of change in the stability of the financial system of ASEAN Founders (ASEFO) with the emergence of the covid 19 pandemic. This study used secondary data (time series) in asefo countries. The model used is a different test model paired sample t-test. The results of the analysis showed that the Covid 19 pandemic had a significant effect on the stability of the financial system with the ASEFO State NPL indicator.

Economic Growth and Poverty in the United States

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Formby ◽  
Gary A. Hoover ◽  
Hoseong Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Expansion ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Time

This paper estimates the income gap rations and Gini coefficients of poor Americans and combines them with official U.S. government poverty statistics to create a new time series of Sen indices of poverty. The effects of growth and other determinants of aggregate poverty are investigated for the period of 1961-1996. Holding other determinants of poverty constant, the results indicate that economic growth affects the Sen index and official U.S. government poverty statistics in essentially the same manner across time. The long economic expansion following the recession of 1981-1982 had much smaller poverty reducing effects than the expansion of the 1960s.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of death by suicide in Brazil and in the United States: descriptive, cross-sectional time series study

2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Abuabara ◽  
Allan Abuabara ◽  
Carin Albino Luçolli Tonchuk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
Time Series Study ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Series Study

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The World Health Organization recognizes suicide as a public health priority. Increased knowledge of suicide risk factors is needed in order to be able to adopt effective prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the association between the Gini coefficient (which is used to measure inequality) and suicide death rates over a 14-year period (2000-2013) in Brazil and in the United States (US). The hypothesis put forward was that reduction of income inequality is accompanied by reduction of suicide rates. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive cross-sectional time-series study in Brazil and in the US. METHODS: Population, death and suicide death data were extracted from the DATASUS database in Brazil and from the National Center for Health Statistics in the US. Gini coefficient data were obtained from the World Development Indicators. Time series analysis was performed on Brazilian and American official data regarding the number of deaths caused by suicide between 2000 and 2013 and the Gini coefficients of the two countries. The suicide trends were examined and compared. RESULTS: Brazil and the US present converging Gini coefficients, mainly due to reduction of inequality in Brazil over the last decade. However, suicide rates are not converging as hypothesized, but are in fact rising in both countries. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that reduction of income inequality is accompanied by reduction of suicide rates was not verified.

scholarly journals Global Financial Crisis and Africa: Is the Impact Permanent or Transitory? Time Series Evidence from North Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Y Aly ◽  
Mark C Strazicich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Structural Breaks ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

We utilize time series tests with structural breaks to test for an adverse impact on economic growth rates in North Africa associated with the recent US financial crisis and global recession. One or two breaks are identified for each country, except for Morocco where no break is found, while breaks coincide with the 2008 financial crisis in only two of the six countries (Libya and Mauritania). These findings suggest that, in general, shocks from the recent financial crisis have only temporary effects on economic growth in these countries. Impulse response functions with breaks confirm these results. We conclude by suggesting explanations for these findings.

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