scholarly journals Methodology affects measures of phosphorus availability in growing broilers. 2. Effects of calcium feeding strategy and dietary adaptation period length on phytate hydrolysis at different locations in the gastrointestinal tract

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-633
Author(s):  
K.R. Perryman ◽  
H.V. Masey O'Neill ◽  
M.R. Bedford ◽  
W.A. Dozier
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Phosphorus Availability ◽  
Period Length ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Phytate Hydrolysis

Phenylalanine flux, oxidation, and conversion to tyrosine in humans studied with L-[1-13C]phenylalanine

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (6) ◽  
pp. E835-E843 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Zello ◽  
P. B. Pencharz ◽  
R. O. Ball
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acid ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Amino Acid Requirement ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
Health Organization

Phenylalanine metabolism was determined in 41 studies of adult males (n = 10) consuming an energy-sufficient diet and receiving graded levels of dietary phenylalanine and excess tyrosine (40 mg.kg-1.day-1). After a dietary adaptation period to either 4.2 or 14.0 mg.kg-1.day-1 of phenylalanine; flux, plasma concentration, oxidation, and conversion to tyrosine were measured at test phenylalanine intakes of 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, or 60 mg.kg-1.day-1. Oxidation was low and constant (1.3 mumol.kg-1.h-1) at intakes at or below 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 and increased linearly above this level. Conversion to tyrosine was minimal (2.1%) at these intakes. Breakpoint analysis showed the phenylalanine requirement with excess tyrosine to be 9.1 mg.kg-1.day-1. Plasma phenylalanine concentrations confirmed this estimate of requirement. Prior adaptation did not significantly affect overall flux, plasma concentration, or oxidation nor did it affect the requirement estimate. With the assumption that tyrosine can supply two-thirds of the aromatic amino acid requirement, these data suggest that the aromatic amino acid requirement should be 30 mg.kg-1.day-1 and the World Health Organization recommendation of 14 mg.kg-1.day-1 is an underestimate.

PSX-33 Effect of supplementing different proportions of sericea lespedeza with alfalfa silage on intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance in sheep

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 454-454
Author(s):  
Valens Niyigena ◽  
K P Coffey ◽  
W K Coblentz ◽  
D Philipp ◽  
M C Savin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Forage Digestibility ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Alfalfa Silage

Abstract Dietary manipulations to include tannins can change the proportion and amounts of N excreted in the urine and feces as well as improve N-use efficiency in ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate effects on animal digestion parameters of adding different proportions of sericea lespedeza hay (SL) to alfalfa silage. Alfalfa was harvested in June 2018 at 75% bloom, chopped, and then packed at 55% moisture into plastic-lined bins and allowed to ensile for 3 months. Alfalfa silage was either offered alone or mixed with 9, 18, or 27% SL on a DM basis. These diets were offered randomly for ad libitum consumption to 16 ewes (41.8 ± 4.61 kg BW) in a randomized complete block design experiment with 2 periods to provide 4 observations per treatment per experimental period, each consisting of a 14-d dietary adaptation period followed by 5 d of total fecal and urine collection. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and orthogonal linear and quadratic trend analyses were tested. Digestibility (%) of DM and OM and digestible DM and OM intake (g/kg BW) decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing SL addition to the diet. Digestibility of NDF and ADF decreased linearly (P < 0.01) with increasing SL, and apparent absorption (%) of N decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing SL in the diet. Urinary N excretions (g/d) tended (P = 0.10) to decrease linearly while fecal N (g/day) tended to increase (P = 0.10) linearly with increasing SL proportion in the diet. In this study, supplementation with sericea lespedeza as a tannin source to alfalfa silage decreased forage digestibility and digestible organic matter intake and did not positively influence nitrogen use. The study was supported in part by USDA-ARS specific cooperative agreement 58-3655-4-052 and by USDA NIFA grant 2018-67019-27804.

Nellore bulls in Brazilian feedlots can be safely adapted to high-concentrate diets using 14-day restriction and step-up protocols

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1858 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Parra ◽  
J. R. Ronchesel ◽  
C. L. Martins ◽  
A. Perdigão ◽  
M. C. S. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Dietary Adaptation ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Dressing Percentage

In the present study, the effects of restricted intake of the final finishing diet as a means of dietary adaptation compared with diets increasing in concentrate content (step-up) over periods of 14 and 21 days on growth performance, carcass characteristics, feeding behaviour and rumen morphometrics of Nellore cattle were evaluated. One hundred and twenty 20 months old Nellore bulls (initial BW = 372.2 kg, s.d. = 21.5 kg) were randomly allocated in 24 pens (n = 5 per pen) and fed for 84 days. The study had a completely randomised design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: adaptation using both 14-day and 21-day step-up and restriction protocols. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. One bull per pen was slaughtered (n = 24) at the end of adaptation period to evaluate rumen morphometrics. The remaining bulls (n = 96) were slaughtered at the end of experimental period. Interactions were observed (P < 0.05) for growth performance, feeding behaviour and rumen morphometrics variables. Overall, no protocol or adaptation length main effect (P > 0.05) was observed for any of the growth rate and carcass traits evaluated, except for hot carcass weight (P = 0.03) and dressing percentage (P = 0.04), where bulls adapted for 14 days had heavier carcasses and increased dressing percentage when compared with cattle adapted for 21 days. Cattle adapted for 21 days had a larger (P = 0.005) rumen wall absorptive surface area at the end of adaptation period than those adapted for 14 days; however, no differences were detected at the end of finishing period. Thus, Nellore yearling bulls could be adapted for 14 days regardless of the protocol.

scholarly journals A comparative study of phytate hydrolysis in the gastrointestinal tract of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and the laboratory rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Williams ◽  
T. G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Chromium Oxide ◽  
Golden Hamster ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phytate Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

1. The role of bacterial, dietary and intestinal phytases (EC 3. 1. 3. 8) in the hydrolysis of phytate was investigated in the golden hamster and rat by assaying phytase in the small intestine and by measuring the disappearance of phytate from the stomach and large intestine, using chromium oxide as an insoluble solid-phase marker.2. It was confirmed that an active phytase was present in the proximal third of the small intestine of the rat but the enzyme was undetectable in the hamster.3. Extensive bacterial breakdown of phytate occurred in the pregastric pouch and true stomach of the hamster with both phytase-containing and phytase-free diets, with phytate digestibilities in the true stomach ranging from 0.69–0.90, confirming that the hamster can be regarded as a pseudo-ruminant.4. With a phytase-free diet, the digestibility of phytate in the stomach of the rat was very low (0.05) but with a wheat-based diet substantial breakdown of phytate occurred (digestibility up to 0.49), presumably under the influence of the cereal phytase.5. Intestinal phytase did not appear to be of great significance in the rat but some further hydrolysis of the residual phytate probably occurred in the large intestine of both species by bacterial phytase.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

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