scholarly journals CZY ROSJA PROWADZI NA BAŁKANACH WOJNĘ HYBRYDOWĄ?

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-49
Author(s):  
Wojciech Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
The West ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Media Messages ◽  
Special Services ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Balkan States

Abstrakt: Napięte stosunki między Federacją Rosyjską a Zachodem, konflikty, wyraźnie interpretowane jako wojna hybrydowa prowadzona przez Rosjan w krajach, w których interesy Rosji i Zachodu zderzają się (głównie na Ukrainie), kwestionują skalę i rodzaj rosyjskiego zaangażowania na Bałkanach - obszarze tradycyjnego wielowymiarowego konfliktu między Wschodem i Zachodem, w którym destabilizacja stanowi klucz do odbudowy równowagi sił w całej Europie Środkowej. Artykuł analizuje formy rosyjskiej obecności w krajach bałkańskich - zwłaszcza na obszarze post-jugosłowiańskim - działalność gospodarczą rosyjskich służb specjalnych, wywiadowcze operacje ofensywne w Serbii, Czarnogórze, Macedonii, powiązania Moskwy z procesami politycznymi i wojną medialną sprzyjającą radykalizacji społecznej i wzrostowi nastrojów prorosyjskich. Abstract: Currently strained relations between the Russian Federation and the West, conflicts clearly interpreted as hybrid warfare led by the Russians in countries in which the interests of Russia and the West (mainly Ukraine) are overwhelming, question the scale and type of Russian involvement in the Balkans - the area of traditional multidimensional conflict between East and West, in whose destabilization lies the key to the reconstruction of the balance of power throughout Central Europe. The article examines the forms of Russian presence in the Balkan states - especially post-Yugoslavian - Russia's economic activity of its special services, intelligence offensive operations in Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia in the last few years, Moscow's links with political processes and the targeting of media messages favouring social radicalization and increase in pro-Russian moods.

The Neolithic Cultures of South-East Italy

1947 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. K. Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Single Site ◽  
The West ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Positive Evidence ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Time Reading ◽  
Neolithic Cultures

South-east Italy, from the spur to the heel of Italy's boot, forms a natural geographic and cultural unit, separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic yet joined to them by the same sea. It is an area of plain and plateau bounded to the west and north by the Apennines, which come down to the sea at the Gulf of Taranto and again north of the Gargano peninsula.Considerably more material for the study of the neolithic cultures in this area has been found since T. E. Peet drew attention to their interest nearly forty years ago (II). Yet while the main kinds of pottery are recognised, positive evidence for their succession is still scarce. This is chiefly due to the lack of fully stratigraphic digging, as well as to a tendency to regard the objects found on any single site as ipso facto contemporary with one another or at least as due to a continuous occupation. Some confusion is probably also caused by the number of separate stations all usually called ‘Matera.’ Even so the main phases are now distinguishable, and the chief differences of opinion are regarding the extent to which the characteristic range of pottery of each of these, with all that that implies, continued alongside of the innovations.The following account based on war-time reading, and brief visits to Matera museum and a number of sites, will stress the view that there was fairly complete replacement: in this and the resulting division into three distinct periods, tentatively indicated by Rellini in 1929 (14c), it goes beyond the views of most Italian archaeologists, as well as previous English resumes. In particular Laviosa-Zambotti in her recent important study of Italian cultures and their relations with Central Europe and the Balkans (8b), while admitting that the various wares are due to a series of influences from outside, concludes that they are truly associated and therefore largely synchronous. This may be due in part to her leaning toward ‘short’ chronologies elsewhere. However, particularly in view of J. S. P. Bradford's remarkable crop-site discoveries (2), it seems worthwhile to set out the existing evidence for a more elaborate scheme, to be tested by future excavations.

scholarly journals Main challenges for the Greek national security against the geopolitical changes in the Balkans during the period 1918–1923

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 193-212
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Paszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Close Cooperation ◽  
Balkan States ◽  
The Military ◽  
Of Greece

The aim of the article is to show the role of the Balkan states within the Greek foreign policy during the period 1918–1923, on the base of diplomatic correspondence and historiography. The consequences of the military conflict with Turkey (1918–1922) and the internal problems, constantly harassing the socio-political life of Greece, seriously weakened its ability to impact effectively on particular geopolitical problems in the Balkan region. The Greek regional policy could be achieved, completely or partially, only with close cooperation with the powers from outside. It was connected with such cases as the delimitation of the Albanian frontier or the solution of the Western Thrace question in 1920. On the other hand, the proceedings of the Greek diplomats were determined by the belief that due to the unresolved territorial and national controversies, especially in the issue of the Macedonian and Thracian lands, the particular Balkan states were dependent on each other on the international arena. That is why the Greek diplomacy started apply the tactics of balance of power in the region, aiming at the creation of less or more stable bilateral political constructions with the Kingdom SCS (Yugoslavia) and Romania. Their aim was to ensure the advantage over the competitors on the Balkan arena, especially over Bulgarian and Turkish revisionist agendas. 

scholarly journals The Balkans and Syria’s Civil War: Realities and Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
MA. Perparim Gutaj
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
The West ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Future ◽  
Prime Objective ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
Balkan States

The prime objective of this research paper is to look at the realities and challenges confronting the Balkan states and societies in light of Syria’s civil war. By examining the mobilization process of Balkan militants who are joining Syria’s rebel cause, especially the Islamic radical groups linked to al-Qaeda, this paper proposes a model that explains why and how Balkan militants are joining the fight in Syria. Drawing upon reliable media reports, personal observations, academic accounts, and other consistent sources, this paper argues that Balkan militants are joining Syria’s rebel cause because foreign Islamic radical groups (that have been operating in the Balkans since the early 1990s) have successfully indoctrinated them. This paper challenges the argument that Islam in the Balkans is a threat to the region, and the claim that Balkan Islam and Muslims in the region are becoming an increasing threat to the West. The central findings of this paper exemplify that the future of Balkan militants is bleak and that they will be confronted with a massive modern and democratic resistance that offers them nothing but reintegration into Balkan Islam, their natural “religious nest.” Notwithstanding the trends related to Syria’s civil war, Balkan Muslims belong to the West, culturally and mentally. 

The Russian vision of strategic balance in the 21st century in the spirit of political realism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-261
Author(s):  
Malina Kaszuba
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
International Order ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Political Realism ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Strategic Balance

Over the past two decades, Russian foreign policy has evolved significantly. Its aim is to seek a change in the global balance of power. This evolution proceeded from attempts to establish cooperation with the West, through a confrontational narrative, ending with political and military actions. The purpose of this article is to analyze the present Russian view of the current international order and to define its future shape based on assumptions and specific actions in the sphere of the aforementioned foreign policy. Particularly useful for the needs of the conducted research is the reference to the theory of political realism. This is determined by the fact that the Russian Federation, contesting the current hegemonic international order, aims to create a multipolar world with the key balancing role of the great powers.

scholarly journals Hybrid war: real casualties in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kamusella
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The West ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
Hybrid Character

Hybrid war: real casualties in UkraineThe Russo-Ukrainian war that broke out in 2014 in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea continues to be all too rarely noticed in the West. Observers comment widely on the novel ‘hybrid’ character of warfare as developed and trialed by the Kremlin worldwide during the recent years, but pay scant attention to the Russian ‘training ground’ in eastern Ukraine. The article probes into the realities of the ongoing RussoUkrainian war, alongside the ideological underpinnings of the Kremlin’s intervention and Ukraine’s response to this attack. It appears that the Russian government adopted ethnolinguistic nationalism, typical of Central Europe, namely, that all Russian-speakers constitute the Russian nation, especially if their communities compactly inhabit areas directly bordering on the Russian Federation. Wojna hybrydowa: Prawdziwe ofiary wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiejWojna rosyjsko-ukraińska, która wybuchła w 2014 r. w następstwie aneksji Krymu przez Rosję, jest nadal zbyt rzadko zauważana na Zachodzie. Obserwatorzy szeroko komentują „hybrydowy” charakter działań wojennych, wypracowywanych i wypróbowywanych przez Kreml po całym świecie w ciągu ostatnich lat, lecz nie zwracają uwagi na rosyjski „poligon doświadczalny” we wschodniej Ukrainie. Artykuł analizuje realia toczącej się tam wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, jak i ideologiczne założenia interwencji militarnej Kremla oraz reakcję Ukrainy na tenże atak ze strony Rosji. Wydaje się, że rosyjski rząd przyjął jako uzasadnienie etnolingwistyczny nacjonalizm (typowy dla Europy Środkowej), a mianowicie, że wszystkie osoby rosyjskojęzyczne to członkowie narodu rosyjskiego, zwłaszcza jeśli ich społeczności zamieszkują tereny bezpośrednio graniczące z obszarem Federacji Rosyjskiej.

scholarly journals Russian Policy in the Balkans: Current Situation and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-99
Author(s):  
K. Khudolei ◽  
E. Koloskov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Russian Foreign Policy ◽  
The West ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Eu

The article discusses the current situation and prospects of Russian policy in the Balkans. Officially, today, the Balkans are not assigned to the priorities of the Russian foreign policy, but there is one of the lines of the “Cool War” against the West. It is Russia’s desire to oppose the expansion of NATO and the EU, to create an infrastructure for the transportation of energy resources; it is also the emergence of sanctions and counter-sanctions. The purpose of this article is to characterize the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in the Balkans in the context of the current confrontation between Russia and the West. The authors try to identify possible scenarios for further development of international relations in the region. The term “Cool War” is used as the most accurate for characterizing the confrontation between Russia and the West, because – the authors believe – it differs from the “Cold War” in content, directions and its severity, although it is waged with the same methods and tools. The analysis of the Russian foreign policy in the Balkans and the method of constructing scenarios are used in the article as a research methodology. In this paper, five groups of states are distinguished in the Balkans according to their relations with Russia. Also it is assumed that three scenarios are possible in the future: weakening of Russia’s position, its maintaining at the current level, and its strengthening. This will largely depend on the confrontation degree and Russia’s activity, especially in the economic and humanitarian spheres.

GEOPHYSICS OF ENTANGLED STATES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND QUANTUM TELEPORTATION OF SARS COV-2 IN THE PLANET'S BIOGEOSPHERE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gavrilov ◽  
Tatyana Antipova ◽  
Yan Vlasov ◽  
Sergey Ardatov ◽  
Anastasia Ardatova
Keyword(s):  
Entangled States ◽  
Classical Communication ◽  
Special Services ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

In their previous works , leading their history since 1988, the authors of this article have repeatedly conceptually shown and experimentally verified the results of research on the teleportation of information between macro objects. Early author's works were performed during the existence of the Russian Federation – as a country called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Some of which were marked "Top Secret" - links further down the text. Since they were performed under the supervision of the relevant special services and further "Department of external relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences". The authors used numerous examples to demonstrate the possibility of teleportation of information in macro-systems, including ecosystem, biogeocenotic levels, and then tissue and organism levels. Successful experimental verifications occurred only in cases when all the principles and rules laid down in the theory of quantum information, applied to biological objects, were correctly combined. Namely, the preparation of cascades of entangled States was performed both on the mental and somatic levels. In full accordance with the principle of complementarity and taking into account the fact that the observer and the observed are actively connected by the sum of similarities. In addition, the role of the classical communication channel in this process was performed by carrier electromagnetic fields modulated by a useful signal. This signal represented a cast of the simulated experimental process. An example of a real COVID-19 pandemic is the verification of author's works in nature on a biogeocenotic scale. And certainly with anthropogenic – so to speak-participation.

US and Russian policies and strategies in the Middle East: Iraq and Syria as a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Esraa Aladdin Noori ◽  
Nasser Zain AlAbidine Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Western World ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Middle East Region

The Russian-American relations have undergone many stages of conflict and competition over cooperation that have left their mark on the international balance of power in the Middle East. The Iraqi and Syrian crises are a detailed development in the Middle East region. The Middle East region has allowed some regional and international conflicts to intensify, with the expansion of the geopolitical circle, which, if applied strategically to the Middle East region, covers the area between Afghanistan and East Asia, From the north to the Maghreb to the west and to the Sudan and the Greater Sahara to the south, its strategic importance will seem clear. It is the main lifeline of the Western world.

Customs regulation of activities on the territory of special economic zones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Grigoryevna Iordanova ◽  
Andrei Romanovich Bojko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Special Economic Zones ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Economic Zones

In the article, the authors analyze the functioning of special economic zones in the Russian Federation. Currently, based on the established world practice, special economic zones can act as a catalyst for attracting foreign investment and ensuring effective regional socio-economic development. Therefore, according to the authors, the issues of improving the functioning of the SEZ are of particular importance. The analysis of the results of the functioning of special economic zones in the Russian Federation shows that there is a significant potential for their development. Due to the fact that the functioning of special economic zones is inextricably linked with the conduct of foreign economic activity, and the SEZs themselves are a tool for integrating the country into global value chains, the issues of customs regulation of activities on their territory become important, which acts as an effective way for the state to influence foreign economic activity and have significant opportunities in stimulating the development of special economic zones in the Russia. In this regard, the study of the application of customs regulation measures as important factors in the development of special economic zones in the Russian Federation is very relevant. Special attention was paid to the study of the regulatory framework for the application of customs procedures in respect of goods imported into the territory of special economic zones and exported from such territories. According to the results of the study, it was found that there are significant gaps in the current legislative regulation of this range of legal relations. The article formulates specific measures that can contribute to improving the efficiency of the functioning of special economic zones in the Russian Federation.

Influence of ethical groups on regional policy (on the example of the Republic of Kalmykia)

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
D. Naranova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Theoretical Significance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic

To consider the main directions and extent of influence of ethical groups on political processes in the Republic of Kalmykia.The authors analyzed scientific research on the ethnic identity of the Kalmyk people, as well as media materials and statistical data on the cause and effect of the influence of ethnic groups on regional policy. Seven key areas of influence of the Kalmyks, as a titular nation, on political processes in the region, including through the formation of an ethnic majority among senior positions in the authorities of the subject of the Russian Federation, were identified. The theoretical significance of the study is due to the complex systematization of facts about the influence of the ethnodominating nation of the Republic of Kalmykia on political processes in the region. The practical significance is expressed in the proposal of specific recommendations for partial stabilization of the situation in the Republic.

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