scholarly journals Chemical defenses in the sea hare Aplysia parvula: importance of diet and sequestration of algal secondary metabolites

2001 ◽  
Vol 215 ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW Ginsburg ◽  
VJ Paul
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Sea Hare

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota in Camellia Weevils Are Influenced by Plant Secondary Metabolites and Contribute to Saponin Degradation

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouke Zhang ◽  
Jinping Shu ◽  
Huaijun Xue ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yabo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tea Saponin

ABSTRACT The camellia weevil (CW [Curculio chinensis]) is a notorious host-specific predator of the seeds of Camellia species in China, causing seed losses of up to 60%. The weevil is capable of overcoming host tree chemical defenses, while the mechanisms of how these beetles contend with the toxic compounds are still unknown. Here, we examined the interaction between the gut microbes of CW and camellia seed chemistry and found that beetle-associated bacterial symbionts mediate tea saponin degradation. We demonstrate that the gut microbial community profile of CW was significantly plant associated, and the gut bacterial community associated with CW feeding on Camellia oleifera seeds is enriched with genes involved in tea saponin degradation compared with those feeding on Camellia sinensis and Camellia reticulata seeds. Twenty-seven bacteria from the genera Enterobacter, Serratia, Acinetobacter, and Micrococcus subsisted on tea saponin as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, and Acinetobacter species are identified as being involved in the degradation of tea saponin. Our results provide the first metagenome of gut bacterial communities associated with a specialist insect pest of Camellia trees, and the results are consistent with a potential microbial contribution to the detoxification of tree-defensive chemicals. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiome may play an important role in insect-plant interactions mediated by plant secondary metabolites, but the microbial communities and functions of toxic plant feeders are still poorly characterized. In the present study, we provide the first metagenome of gut bacterial communities associated with a specialist weevil feeding on saponin-rich and saponin-low camellia seeds, and the results reveal the correlation between bacterial diversity and plant allelochemicals. We also used cultured microbes to establish their saponin-degradative capacity outside the insect. Our results provide new experimental context to better understand how gut microbial communities are influenced by plant secondary metabolites and how the resistance mechanisms involving microbes have evolved to deal with the chemical defenses of plants.

Secondary Metabolites Isolated from the Sea Hare Aplysia pulmonica from the South China Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Feng Mou ◽  
Wen-Tao Bian ◽  
Chang-Yun Wang ◽  
Chang-Lun Shao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Sea Hare

Responses of the sea catfish Ariopsis felis to chemical defenses from the sea hare Aplysia californica

2009 ◽  
Vol 368 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arman Sheybani ◽  
Matthew Nusnbaum ◽  
John Caprio ◽  
Charles D. Derby
Keyword(s):  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Sea Hare

scholarly journals Quantitative variation of secondary metabolites in the sea hare Aplysia parvula and its host plant, Delisea pulchra

1996 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
R de Nys ◽  
PD Steinberg ◽  
CN Rogers ◽  
TS Charlton ◽  
MW Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Quantitative Variation ◽  
Sea Hare ◽  
Delisea Pulchra

scholarly journals Chemical defense of Hymeniacidon heliophila (Porifera: halichondrida) against tropical predators

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzi Meneses Ribeiro ◽  
Éverson Miguel Bianco ◽  
Ricardo Rogers ◽  
Valéria Laneuville Teixeira ◽  
Renato Crespo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Fish Consumption ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Lytechinus Variegatus ◽  
Benthic Organisms ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ecological Roles

Various benthic organisms have chemical defenses which reduce their predators' consumption. Although their efficiency may be noticed in many organisms, many of their effects are not well- known yet. Multiple ecological roles of secondary metabolites are shown in some sponges, which may represent an adaptative advantage considering the high amount of energy used to produce these chemical compounds. The goal of this work was to investigate the defensive property of the extracts from the sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila against the tropical predators: hermit crabs (Calcinus tibicens), sea urchins (Lytechinus variegatus) and generalist fishes. Extracts obtained with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and acetone/methanol were used in assays and all of them were effective in reducing the consumption by C. tibicens; n-hexane extract reduced the consumption by L. variegatus; and medium polarity extracts reduced fish consumption. Either the variation in action or the multiple ecological roles of the extracts indicates that different types of compounds can be associated to the defensive system produced by H. heliophila.

scholarly journals Plant-mediated above- & belowground interactions through induced systemic defense in "Cardamine" species (Brassicaceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mojtaba Bakhtiari
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Induced Systemic Resistance ◽  
Genotypic Variation ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Insect Herbivores ◽  
Root Induction ◽  
Herbivore Attack

To ward off herbivore attack, that damages plant tissues in both above- and belowground (AG-BG) compartment, plants have evolved a diverse array of defense traits, including mechanical and chemical defenses. Induction of chemical defenses in response to herbivore attack at local tissues is a known phenomenon; however, we recently began to recognize the concept of systemic induced defense that crosses the root-shoot divide. The extent to which the induced systemic defenses are regulated is affected by the both biotic, as well as the abiotic component of the environment. The research presented within this dissertation is an attempt for better understanding plant-mediated AG-BG interactions through systemic inducibility of chemical defenses with insect herbivores, and across changing environments. I addressed the major objectives of this thesis within four chapters. First, I investigated the effect of root induction on subsequent expression of defensive secondary metabolites (glucosinolates - GSLs) in the leaves and induced systemic resistance against AG herbivores of different diet breadth, in Cardamine hirsuta (Brassicaceae). In addition, I tested whether induction of systemic defenses from root to shoots and consequent resistance against herbivores has genetic basis (Chapter I & II). I found that BG induction increased AG resistance against the generalist but not the specialist herbivore and found substantial plant family-level variation for inducibility of GSLs in the leaves and resistance against the generalist herbivore. I showed that the systemic induction of several GSLs tempered the negative effects of herbivory on total seed set production. Specifically, plant families possessing the ability for increased production of certain GSL compounds in the induced state could hinder the negative fitness effect of AG herbivory. Second, I investigated the effect of climate in shaping the expression of growth and defense phenotype across elevation gradient at the intraspecific level in C. pratensis. Next, I examined the ecological relevance of induced systemic resistance by testing the effect of root induction on consequent expression of GSLs and subsequent systemic resistance against natural herbivory within natural populations in the field. Furthermore, I looked for the existence of genotypic variation in systemic inducibility of GSLs and resistance, by conducting a reciprocal transplant experiment (Chapter III & IV). I found that climatic conditions regulate expression of growth traits in C. pratensis, while production of defensive traits were rather genetically fixed. I demonstrated that ecotypes of plants originating from different altitudes differed in their phytochemical make-up and observed significant suppression of AG herbivory in response to root induction. These findings were confirmed in the following common garden experiment, and in addition, I found genotypic variation in systemic inducibility of GSLs from root-to-shoot for high elevation ecotypes, and in contrast, I observed genetic convergence in response of different families to induction for low elevation ecotypes suggesting different selection pressures are acting on plants at different elevations. Third, to understand the role of shared evolutionary history and/or shared ecological niches on driving the variation in constitutive diversity of GSLs as well as their inducibility, at interspecific level, I combined targeted metabolomics analyses of GSL compounds, with insect herbivore bioassays, across 14 different Cardamine species. More so, I investigated the consequence of constitutive and systemic induced defenses on herbivores of different diet breadth and feeding guilds, across different species (Chapter V & VI). My findings demonstrated that GSL-based plant defense strategies, at constitutive level, converge into similar forms within each elevation, highlighting that during the radiation of a group, habitat filtering and plant–herbivore interaction shaped the nature of phytochemical variation of Cardamine species in the Alps. Moreover, the pattern of inducibility of GSLs from BG to AG in Cardamine species follows that of the root herbivory, which was shown to be declining along elevation gradients. Finally, by extending my investigation to the third trophic level (Chapter VII), I demonstrated significant variation in production of indirect defensive VOCs in response to BG herbivory and the consequent BG predator recruitment to the roots across several Cardamine species. I further tested the extent to which BG predator recruitment was modified by presence of AG herbivory and sought for specify of root defense strategy among species. While, I was unable to detect a specific pattern of BG predator recruitment across species of different ecological niches, my findings clearly demonstrated the variation in root induced indirect defense influenced by AG herbivory. The findings of this dissertation enhance our understanding on how plant-mediated AG-BG interactions with insect herbivores are regulated by means of induced systemic expression of secondary metabolites under variable environmental conditions. The novelty of combining both climatic and biotic factor influencing induced systemic defense shed further light on how the deployment of plant defenses locally adapt to biotic and abiotic conditions across different ecosystems and should inspire further and deeper investigations on elucidating the mechanisms governing the ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions.

scholarly journals Feeding preferences of the endemic gastropod Astraea latispina in relation to chemical defenses of Brazilian tropical seaweeds

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. PEREIRA ◽  
M. D. PINHEIRO ◽  
V. L. TEIXEIRA ◽  
B. A. P. da GAMA
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Action Spectrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Defenses ◽  
Organic Extract ◽  
Natural Concentration ◽  
Algal Genus ◽  
Plocamium Brasiliense ◽  
Chemical Deterrent

Seaweed preference by the Brazilian endemic gastropod Astraea latispina was examined in the laboratory to evaluate the role of secondary metabolites in determining food choice. Of three species of seaweeds examined, Plocamium brasiliense was highly preferred; less so were Sargassum furcatum and Dictyota cervicornis were preferred less. Extracts and/or pure major metabolites of the two potentially chemically-defended seaweeds (P. brasiliense and D. cervicornis) were tested as feeding deterrents against A. latispina. Algal extract assays demonstrated that three concentrations of crude organic extract of the red alga P. brasiliense (50%, 100%: natural concentration, and 200% of dry weight: dw) did not affect feeding of this gastropod. In contrast, the three concentrations of crude organic extract of the brown alga D. cervicornis (50%, 100% and 200% dw) inhibited feeding by A. latispina. The chemical deterrent property of D. cervicornis extract against the gastropod A. latispina occurred due to a mixture of the secodolastane diterpenes isolinearol/linearol (4:1 -- 0.08% dry weight). This is the first report showing that Dictyota cervicornis produces a chemical defense against herbivores using secodolastane diterpenoid. In addition, these results widen the action spectrum of secondary metabolites found in seaweed belonging to this brown algal genus.

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