Homing ability and migration success in Pacific salmon: mechanistic insights from biotelemetry, endocrinology, and neurophysiology

2014 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 219-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ueda
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
And Migration

Gene Differentiation in Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.): Facts and Models with Reference to Pink Salmon (O. gorbuscha)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev A. Zhivotovsky ◽  
A. J. Gharrett ◽  
A. J. McGregor ◽  
M. K. Glubokovsky ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Gene Drift ◽  
Gene Differentiation ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
And Migration

Analyzing population genetic data usually involves examining relationships among populations followed by analysis of the distribution of genetic variability. Genetic relationships are often depicted with multidimensional scaling or trees constructed from genetic distances; genetic variation within and among populations is partitioned using gene diversity measures such as FST or GST. Genetic distances or gene diversity are often used to estimate influences of gene drift, migration, and/or selection on observed gene differentiation. We used allozyme data for pink salmon populations to examine the theoretical models available for estimating magnitudes of these factors in Pacific salmon populations. The models included (1) mutation and gene drift; (2) mutation and migration; (3) migration and gene drift; and (4) gene drift, migration, and selection. These models suggest that gene drift and migration are probably important at the lowest levels of population hierarchy, but even very small forces such as weak heterogeneous selection and low migration levels may be important at higher levels. The accuracy of some estimates should be questioned because for many situations appropriate models are either not yet available or are not sufficiently refined. Also, the dynamic genetic structure of salmon populations makes it unlikely that the steady state assumed for many theoretical models has obtained.

Model for Examining Early Ocean Limitation of Pacific Salmon Production

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1303-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Walters ◽  
Ray Hilborn ◽  
Randall M. Peterman ◽  
Michael J. Staley
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Marine Biology ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Juvenile Fish ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Population Limitation ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Zooplankton Production

A computer simulation model was used to examine growth and survival of all major British Columbia salmon stocks during their first 6 mo of ocean life. Factors included in the calculations were the space–time distribution of zooplankton production, timing of salmon ocean arrival and migration especially as regards overlaps between stocks, feeding and growth in relation to food availability, and mortality rates in relation to body size. It is concluded that ocean limitation of production is unlikely unless only a small fraction of total zooplankton production is available to the salmon. The model emphasizes several critical uncertainties about the marine biology of salmon: rates of replenishment of near surface zooplankton stocks (where most salmon feeding occurs) from deeper water have not been adequately measured, and the functional response of salmon to prey density is not understood. There is inadequate data on the relationship between body size and mortality rate, and migration patterns of juvenile fish have not been documented precisely enough. Hopefully some of these uncertainties will be resolved through the salmon enhancement programs. Key words: salmon, population limitation, juvenile marine production, simulation model

scholarly journals Strontium isotopes delineate fine-scale natal origins and migration histories of Pacific salmon

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. e1400124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R. Brennan ◽  
Christian E. Zimmerman ◽  
Diego P. Fernandez ◽  
Thure E. Cerling ◽  
Megan V. McPhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strontium Isotopes ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Provenance Research ◽  
And Migration

Highly migratory organisms present major challenges to conservation efforts. This is especially true for exploited anadromous fish species, which exhibit long-range dispersals from natal sites, complex population structures, and extensive mixing of distinct populations during exploitation. By tracing the migratory histories of individual Chinook salmon caught in fisheries using strontium isotopes, we determined the relative production of natal habitats at fine spatial scales and different life histories. Although strontium isotopes have been widely used in provenance research, we present a new robust framework to simultaneously assess natal sources and migrations of individuals within fishery harvests through time. Our results pave the way for investigating how fine-scale habitat production and life histories of salmon respond to perturbations—providing crucial insights for conservation.

scholarly journals Factors determining spawning run dynamics and current state of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka resources in the Kamchatka River

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (57) ◽  
pp. 5-66
Author(s):  
M. V. Koval ◽  
O. B. Tepnin ◽  
S. L. Gorin ◽  
E. S. Fadeev ◽  
O. V. Zikunova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Current State ◽  
Kamchatka River ◽  
Anadromous Migration ◽  
Spawning Run ◽  
And Migration

Hydrological regime and morphodynamics of the outlet part of the Kamchatka River, dynamics of mixing zone, patterns of juvenile Pacific salmon distribution and migration in the coastal waters of Kamchatsky Gulf in the zone of operating trap nets were analyzed on the results of complex field works prowided in summer period in 2018–2019; fishing and specifics of sockeye salmon spawning run in the river was described. In the course of analyzing the entire complex of available long-term data, an assessment of the likely impact of some key factors on the dynamics of anadromous migration of sockeye salmon in the Kamchatka River was made; biological statistics of spawners and current state of reproduction of this stock was demonstrated. It is found, that natural environmental factors, neither abiotic nor biotic (including fish health as population internal factor), could not cause disturbance of sockeye salmon spawning run dynamics in the Kamchatka River in recent years. Smoller body size and physiological imperfection of the spawners before the anadromous migration due to effects of high number of pink salmon in recent years are suggested to be the most likely cause of spawning run delay in late sockeye salmon morph. Regime of commercial use of the stock and general increasing pressure on the spawning stock by coastal fisheries are demonstrated to be the strongest outer factors to affect modern state of the resources and sockeye salmon population structure in the Kamchatka River, causing permanent escapement deficiency on spawning grounds in the river basin (first of all in the late morph), and also infact lead to disballance between different subpopulation groups in the composition of the stock. Recommendations in order to provide recovery and sustainable level of the Kamchatka River sockeye salmon stock are given in the perspective of more efficient commercial use of the stock next several years; highlights for further researches are outlined.

scholarly journals Thermal sensitivity and flow-mediated migratory delays drive climate risk for coastal sockeye salmon

FACETS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-89
Author(s):  
William I. Atlas ◽  
Karl M. Seitz ◽  
Jeremy W.N. Jorgenson ◽  
Ben Millard-Martin ◽  
William G. Housty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Large River ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Coastal Watersheds ◽  
And Migration

Climate change is subjecting aquatic species to increasing temperatures and shifting hydrologic conditions. Understanding how these changes affect individual survival can help guide conservation and management actions. Anadromous Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) in some large river systems are acutely impacted by the river temperatures and flows encountered during their spawning migrations. However, comparatively little is known about drivers of en route mortality for salmon in smaller coastal watersheds, and climate impacts may differ across watersheds and locally adapted salmon populations. To understand the effects of climate on the survival of coastal sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka; hísn in Haíɫzaqv), we tagged 1785 individual fish with passive integrated transponders across four migration seasons in the Koeye River—a low-elevation watershed in coastal British Columbia—and tracked them during their relatively short migration (∼13 km) from river entry to spawning grounds. Overall, 64.7% of sockeye survived to enter the spawning grounds, and survival decreased rapidly when water temperatures exceeded 15 °C. The best-fitting model included an interaction between river flow and temperature, such that temperature effects were worse when flows were low, and river entry ceased at the lowest flows. Results revealed temperature-mediated mortality and migration delays from low water that may synergistically reduce survival among sockeye salmon returning to coastal watersheds.

Egg consumption in mature Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1546-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn R. Garner ◽  
John W. Heath ◽  
Bryan D. Neff
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Egg Consumption ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
Migration Corridors ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Fundamental Shift

For over a century, conventional wisdom has maintained that Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) cease feeding when they return to freshwater rivers to spawn. Here, we overturn this belief by showing that multiple species of Pacific salmon consume eggs during spawning. Overall, 13% of stomachs contained eggs, and feeding rates were estimated at up to 14 eggs or 52 kJ per day. Feeding experiments revealed that mature salmon could digest eggs, as fed salmon maintained significantly higher body mass than unfed salmon. Such egg consumption presents a fundamental shift in our understanding of Pacific salmon ecology that may have important implications for migration and management models. Indeed, the energy from consumed eggs could allow salmon to migrate up to an additional 3.8 km upstream per day of feeding, or extend the duration of spawning activity by up to 12%. Furthermore, salmon stocks may have evolved local adaptations to their specific migration and spawning requirements that include nutrients from salmon eggs. Thus, successful salmon management efforts may need to preserve not only spawning habitat and migration corridors, but also feeding opportunities.

Infections, fisheries capture, temperature, and host responses: multistressor influences on survival and behaviour of adult Chinook salmon

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2069-2083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. Teffer ◽  
Arthur L. Bass ◽  
Kristi M. Miller ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Francis Juanes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Predictive Capability ◽  
Capture And Release ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Infectious Disease Dynamics

Infectious disease dynamics of wild Pacific salmon are poorly understood and may play a prominent role in recent declines of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) populations. Multiple stressors influence migration success of adult salmon, such as rising river temperatures and capture and release by fisheries, and likely modulate infection development. To understand how these factors impact survival and migration behaviour of adult salmon in fresh water, we conducted simultaneous holding and telemetry studies with gillnet treatments and nonlethal biopsy. Laboratory fish were held and treated in either cool (9 °C) or warm (14 °C) water. High temperature reduced survival but did not amplify simulated gillnetting effects. Gillnetting reduced migration rate and distance traveled upriver and increased infection burdens, but had no effect on longevity. Heavy infections were associated with reduced longevity and faster migrations. Blood properties and immunity were associated with stressors, survival, and infections. These results improve our predictive capability regarding how stressors can reduce migration success and longevity of Pacific salmon, demonstrating multiple impacts of infections and adding to growing knowledge of disease dynamics in wild fish populations.

Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 564-565
Author(s):  
A. W. Sedar ◽  
G. H. Bresnick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
Inner Limiting Membrane ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

Structure and migration of planar defects in crystals observed in atomic scale

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hashimoto ◽  
Y. Sugimoto ◽  
Y. Takai ◽  
H. Endoh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Present Observation ◽  
Twist Boundary ◽  
Optical Magnification ◽  
Zinc Crystal ◽  
And Migration

As was demonstrated by the present authors that atomic structure of simple crystal can be photographed by the conventional 100 kV electron microscope adjusted at “aberration free focus (AFF)” condition. In order to operate the microscope at AFF condition effectively, highly stabilized electron beams with small energy spread and small beam divergence are necessary. In the present observation, a 120 kV electron microscope with LaB6 electron gun was used. The most of the images were taken with the direct electron optical magnification of 1.3 million times and then magnified photographically.1. Twist boundary of ZnSFig. 1 is the image of wurtzite single crystal with twist boundary grown on the surface of zinc crystal by the reaction of sulphur vapour of 1540 Torr at 500°C. Crystal surface is parallel to (00.1) plane and electron beam is incident along the axis normal to the crystal surface. In the twist boundary there is a dislocation net work between two perfect crystals with a certain rotation angle.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document