scholarly journals Strontium isotopes delineate fine-scale natal origins and migration histories of Pacific salmon

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. e1400124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean R. Brennan ◽  
Christian E. Zimmerman ◽  
Diego P. Fernandez ◽  
Thure E. Cerling ◽  
Megan V. McPhee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Strontium Isotopes ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Complex Population ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Provenance Research ◽  
And Migration

Highly migratory organisms present major challenges to conservation efforts. This is especially true for exploited anadromous fish species, which exhibit long-range dispersals from natal sites, complex population structures, and extensive mixing of distinct populations during exploitation. By tracing the migratory histories of individual Chinook salmon caught in fisheries using strontium isotopes, we determined the relative production of natal habitats at fine spatial scales and different life histories. Although strontium isotopes have been widely used in provenance research, we present a new robust framework to simultaneously assess natal sources and migrations of individuals within fishery harvests through time. Our results pave the way for investigating how fine-scale habitat production and life histories of salmon respond to perturbations—providing crucial insights for conservation.

Surnames and population structure in the Doctrine of Belén, Altos de Arica, Viceroyalty of Peru (1750–1813)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Emma Alfaro ◽  
Xochitl Inostroza ◽  
José E. Dipierri ◽  
Daniela Peña Aguilera ◽  
Jorge Hidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Geographic Space ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
Cultural Variables ◽  
The Social ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
And Migration

Abstract The analysis of multiple population structures (biodemographic, genetic and socio-cultural) and their inter-relations contribute to a deeper understanding of population structure and population dynamics. Genetically, the population structure corresponds to the deviation of random mating conditioned by a limited number of ancestors, by restricted migration in the social or geographic space, or by preference for certain consanguineous unions. Through the isonymic method, surname frequency and distribution across the population can supply quantitative information on the structure of a human population, as they constitute universal socio-cultural variables. Using documentary sources to undertake the Doctrine of Belén’s (Altos de Arica, Chile) historical demography reconstruction between 1763 and 1820, this study identified an indigenous population with stable patronymics. The availability of complete marriage, baptism and death records, low rates of migration and the significant percentage of individuals registered and constantly present in this population favoured the application of the isonymic method. The aim of this work was to use given names and surnames recorded in these documentary sources to reconstruct the population structure and migration pattern of the Doctrine of Belén between 1750 and 1813 through the isonymic method. The results of the study were consistent with the ethno-historical data of this ethnic space, where social cohesion was, in multiple ways, related to the regulation of daily life in colonial Andean societies.

scholarly journals Repeated surveying over 6 years reveals that fine-scale habitat variables are key to tropical mountain ant assemblage composition and functional diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulalo M. Muluvhahothe ◽  
Grant S. Joseph ◽  
Colleen L. Seymour ◽  
Thinandavha C. Munyai ◽  
Stefan H. Foord
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Fine Scale

AbstractHigh-altitude-adapted ectotherms can escape competition from dominant species by tolerating low temperatures at cooler elevations, but climate change is eroding such advantages. Studies evaluating broad-scale impacts of global change for high-altitude organisms often overlook the mitigating role of biotic factors. Yet, at fine spatial-scales, vegetation-associated microclimates provide refuges from climatic extremes. Using one of the largest standardised data sets collected to date, we tested how ant species composition and functional diversity (i.e., the range and value of species traits found within assemblages) respond to large-scale abiotic factors (altitude, aspect), and fine-scale factors (vegetation, soil structure) along an elevational gradient in tropical Africa. Altitude emerged as the principal factor explaining species composition. Analysis of nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity indicated that ant assemblages are specific to each elevation, so species are not filtered out but replaced with new species as elevation increases. Similarity of assemblages over time (assessed using beta decay) did not change significantly at low and mid elevations but declined at the highest elevations. Assemblages also differed between northern and southern mountain aspects, although at highest elevations, composition was restricted to a set of species found on both aspects. Functional diversity was not explained by large scale variables like elevation, but by factors associated with elevation that operate at fine scales (i.e., temperature and habitat structure). Our findings highlight the significance of fine-scale variables in predicting organisms’ responses to changing temperature, offering management possibilities that might dilute climate change impacts, and caution when predicting assemblage responses using climate models, alone.

Implications of temporal and spatial scale for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) research

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (S1) ◽  
pp. 9-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L Folt ◽  
Keith H Nislow ◽  
Mary E Power
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Research Strategies ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Dependent Processes

The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a model species for studying scale issues (i.e., the extent, duration, and resolution of a study or natural process) in ecology. Major shifts in behavior and habitat use over ontogeny, along with a relatively long life span and large dispersal and migration distances, make scale issues critical for effective conservation, management, and restoration of this species. The scale over which a process occurs must be linked to the research design and we illustrate this with a discussion of resource tracking by Atlantic salmon. Identifying scale inconsistencies (e.g., when a process is evident at one scale but not another) is shown to be an effective means by which some scale-dependent processes are understood. We review the literature to assess the temporal and spatial scales used in Atlantic salmon research and find most current studies appear to sacrifice spatial and temporal extent for increased resolution. Finally, we discuss research strategies for expanding the temporal and spatial scales in salmon research, such as conducting multiple scales studies to elucidate scale inconsistencies, identifying mechanisms, and using techniques and approaches to generalize across studies and over time and space.

scholarly journals Imaging spectroscopy links aspen genotype with below-ground processes at landscape scales

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1643) ◽  
pp. 20130194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Madritch ◽  
Clayton C. Kingdon ◽  
Aditya Singh ◽  
Karen E. Mock ◽  
Richard L. Lindroth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Signature ◽  
Spectral Variation ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
Spectrometer Data

Fine-scale biodiversity is increasingly recognized as important to ecosystem-level processes. Remote sensing technologies have great potential to estimate both biodiversity and ecosystem function over large spatial scales. Here, we demonstrate the capacity of imaging spectroscopy to discriminate among genotypes of Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen), one of the most genetically diverse and widespread forest species in North America. We combine imaging spectroscopy (AVIRIS) data with genetic, phytochemical, microbial and biogeochemical data to determine how intraspecific plant genetic variation influences below-ground processes at landscape scales. We demonstrate that both canopy chemistry and below-ground processes vary over large spatial scales (continental) according to aspen genotype. Imaging spectrometer data distinguish aspen genotypes through variation in canopy spectral signature. In addition, foliar spectral variation correlates well with variation in canopy chemistry, especially condensed tannins. Variation in aspen canopy chemistry, in turn, is correlated with variation in below-ground processes. Variation in spectra also correlates well with variation in soil traits. These findings indicate that forest tree species can create spatial mosaics of ecosystem functioning across large spatial scales and that these patterns can be quantified via remote sensing techniques. Moreover, they demonstrate the utility of using optical properties as proxies for fine-scale measurements of biodiversity over large spatial scales.

scholarly journals Demographic and social degradation in the Lubelskie Voivodeship as a peripheral area of East Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (41) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Flaga ◽  
Monika Wesołowska
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Peripheral Area ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Natural Movement ◽  
Regional Factors ◽  
Post War ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Eastern regions of Poland are regarded as areas where numerous unfavourable socio-economic phenomena appear and accumulate. These are the results of historical conditions as well as post-war border localization and various processes, primarily in terms of economy. The consequences of the political transformation of the state in the 1990s and profound social and economic changes in recent decades are also crucial drivers of many disadvantageous changes in the region. The article shows population processes which can be recognized nowadays in Eastern Poland, and the attention of the authors is focused on the peripheral rural areas of the region. General tendencies reported in the text are based on the cases from the Lubelskie Voivodeship where concentration of the demographic and social problems is particularly noticeable. The analyses comprise changes of population growth and its components (natural movement and migration), population structures as well as some characteristics concerning the quality and conditions of inhabitants’ lives. The main causes of negative processes shaping the population, including domestic, regional and micro-regional factors, are also presented. The final part of the article deals with the most important outcomes of population changes which are reflected in the progressing ageing of society, the decline of villages and social infrastructure, among other facts. These unfavourable phenomena are shown in the context of the future development of the region.

scholarly journals Variation in Population Structures of Tropical Freshwater Eels, Anguilla Marmorata, A. Bicolor Bicolor and A. Bengalensis Bengalensis, in the Indo-Pacific

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaomi Arai ◽  
Hussein Taha
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Species ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Oceanic Current ◽  
Dispersion Patterns ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
Freshwater Eels ◽  
Spawning Sites

Abstract Freshwater eels, genus Anguilla, have a distinctive catadromous life history, which could be associated with certain oceanic current systems and offshore spawning sites. Thus, migration and dispersion patterns are believed to be important factors influencing the population structures of each species. Temperate eel species are well studied, while little research has been conducted on the tropical counterparts that comprise two-thirds of all eel species. The population structures of three tropical species, A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor and A. bengalensis bengalensis, which are distributed widely in the Indo-Pacific region, were explored by means of DNA sequence analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). This study found that A. bicolor bicolor had two genetically distinct populations, and these different populations co-occur geographically in the Indo-Pacific region, while A. marmorata and A. bengalensis bengalensis showed a panmictic-population structure in this region. The populations of A. bicolor bicolor were also found to have lower genetic variability than the populations of A. marmorata and A. bengalensis bengalensis. This study is the first to explore the population genetic structure of A. bengalensis bengalensis. The present results also suggest plausible dispersion and migration of these tropical species into their continental habitats.

Small-scale temporal and spatial variation in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) life history

2003 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara M McIntyre ◽  
Jeffrey A Hutchings
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Georges Bank ◽  
High Fecundity

Life histories of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Georges Bank differ significantly through time and space. Within the Southern Gulf, fecundity per unit body mass differed by more than 40% over short (2 years) and long (42–45 years) periods of time. Significant variation in size-specific fecundity is also evident among populations: Southern Gulf cod produce almost 30% more eggs per unit body mass than those on Georges Bank, whereas fecundity of Scotian Shelf cod is almost half that of cod in Sydney Bight. Compared with those on Georges Bank, Southern Gulf cod life histories are characterized by high fecundity, late maturity, high gonadosomatic index, and large eggs. Relative to the influence of body size, neither temporal nor spatial differences in fecundity can be attributed to physiological condition, as reflected by liver weight, hepatosomatic index, and Fulton's K. Delayed maturity and higher reproductive allotment among Southern Gulf cod can be explained as selection responses to slower growth, higher prereproductive mortality, and fewer lifetime reproductive events. Patterns of covariation in heritable, fitness-related traits suggest the existence of adaptive variation and evolutionarily significant units at spatial scales considerably smaller than the species range in the Northwest Atlantic.

Gene Differentiation in Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.): Facts and Models with Reference to Pink Salmon (O. gorbuscha)

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (S1) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lev A. Zhivotovsky ◽  
A. J. Gharrett ◽  
A. J. McGregor ◽  
M. K. Glubokovsky ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Gene Drift ◽  
Gene Differentiation ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
And Migration

Analyzing population genetic data usually involves examining relationships among populations followed by analysis of the distribution of genetic variability. Genetic relationships are often depicted with multidimensional scaling or trees constructed from genetic distances; genetic variation within and among populations is partitioned using gene diversity measures such as FST or GST. Genetic distances or gene diversity are often used to estimate influences of gene drift, migration, and/or selection on observed gene differentiation. We used allozyme data for pink salmon populations to examine the theoretical models available for estimating magnitudes of these factors in Pacific salmon populations. The models included (1) mutation and gene drift; (2) mutation and migration; (3) migration and gene drift; and (4) gene drift, migration, and selection. These models suggest that gene drift and migration are probably important at the lowest levels of population hierarchy, but even very small forces such as weak heterogeneous selection and low migration levels may be important at higher levels. The accuracy of some estimates should be questioned because for many situations appropriate models are either not yet available or are not sufficiently refined. Also, the dynamic genetic structure of salmon populations makes it unlikely that the steady state assumed for many theoretical models has obtained.

scholarly journals Fine-Scale Population Genetic Structure and Within-Tree Distribution of Mating Types of Venturia effusa, Cause of Pecan Scab in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 1326-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive H. Bock ◽  
Carolyn A. Young ◽  
Katherine L. Stevenson ◽  
Nikki D. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
The United States ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Mating Types ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Scale Population

Scab (caused by Venturia effusa) is the major disease of pecan in the southeastern United States. There is no information available on the fine-scale population genetic diversity or the occurrence of clonal types at small spatial scales that provides insight into inoculum sources and dispersal mechanisms, and potential opportunity for sexual reproduction. To investigate fine-scale genetic diversity, four trees of cultivar Wichita (populations) were sampled hierarchically: within each tree canopy, four approximately evenly spaced terminals (subpopulations) were selected and up to six leaflets (sub-subpopulations) were sampled from different compound leaves on each terminal. All lesions (n = 1 to 8) on each leaflet were sampled. The isolates were screened against a panel of 29 informative microsatellite markers and the resulting multilocus genotypes (MLG) subject to analysis. Mating type was also determined for each isolate. Of 335 isolates, there were 165 MLG (clonal fraction 49.3%). Nei’s unbiased measure of genetic diversity for the clone-corrected data were moderate to high (0.507). An analysis of molecular variance demonstrated differentiation (P = 0.001) between populations on leaflets within individual terminals and between terminals within trees in the tree canopies, with 93.8% of variance explained among isolates within leaflet populations. Other analyses (minimum-spanning network, Bayesian, and discriminant analysis of principal components) all indicated little affinity of isolate for source population. Of the 335 isolates, most unique MLG were found at the stratum of the individual leaflets (n = 242), with similar total numbers of unique MLG observed at the strata of the terminal (n = 170), tree (n = 166), and orchard (n = 165). Thus, the vast majority of shared clones existed on individual leaflets on a terminal at the scale of 10s of centimeters or less, indicating a notable component of short-distance dispersal. There was significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.001), and an analysis of Psex showed that where there were multiple encounters of an MLG, they were most probably the result of asexual reproduction (P < 0.05) but there was no evidence that asexual reproduction was involved in single or first encounters of an MLG (P > 0.05). Overall, the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 idiomorphs were at equilibrium (73:92) and in most populations, subpopulations, and sub-subpopulations. Both mating types were frequently observed on the same leaflet. The results provide novel information on the characteristics of populations of V. effusa at fine spatial scales, and provide insights into the dispersal of the organism within and between trees. The proximity of both mating idiomorphs on single leaflets is further evidence of opportunity for development of the sexual stage in the field.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document