scholarly journals Is multiple mating beneficial or unavoidable? Low multiple paternity and genetic diversity in the shortspine spurdog Squalus mitsukurii

2010 ◽  
Vol 403 ◽  
pp. 255-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
TS Daly-Engel ◽  
RD Grubbs ◽  
KA Feldheim ◽  
BW Bowen ◽  
RJ Toonen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Multiple Paternity

scholarly journals Lack of multiple paternity in the oceanodromous tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier )

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 171385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie J. Holmes ◽  
Lisa C. Pope ◽  
Samuel M. Williams ◽  
Ian R. Tibbetts ◽  
Mike B. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Reproductive Strategy ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Tiger Shark ◽  
Galeocerdo Cuvier ◽  
Solitary Species

Multiple paternity has been documented as a reproductive strategy in both viviparous and ovoviviparous elasmobranchs, leading to the assumption that multiple mating may be ubiquitous in these fishes. However, with the majority of studies conducted on coastal and nearshore elasmobranchs that often form mating aggregations, parallel studies on pelagic, semi-solitary species are lacking. The tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier ) is a large pelagic shark that has an aplacental viviparous reproductive mode which is unique among the carcharhinids. A total of 112 pups from four pregnant sharks were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to assess the possibility of multiple paternity or polyandrous behaviour by female tiger sharks. Only a single pup provided evidence of possible multiple paternity, but with only seven of the nine loci amplifying for this individual, results were inconclusive. In summary, it appears that the tiger sharks sampled in this study were genetically monogamous. These findings may have implications for the genetic diversity and future sustainability of this population.

Evidence for multiple paternity in two species of Orconectes crayfish

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Kahrl ◽  
R.H. Laushman ◽  
A.J. Roles
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Crayfish Species

Multiple mating is expected to be common in organisms that produce large clutches as a mechanism by which sexual reproduction can enrich genetic variation. For freshwater crayfish, observation of multiple mating suggests the potential for high rates of multiple paternity, but genetic confirmation is largely lacking from natural populations. We studied paternity within wild-caught broods of two crayfish species in the genus Orconectes (Sanborn’s crayfish (Orconectes sanbornii (Faxon, 1884)) and the Allegheny crayfish (Orconectes obscurus (Hagen, 1870))). Although females have been observed mating with multiple males, this is the first genetic confirmation of multiple paternity in broods of these two species. Berried females were collected in the field and maintained in aquaria until their eggs hatched. We amplified and genotyped extracted DNA from maternal and hatchling tissue for several microsatellite loci. For both species, paternity reconstruction (GERUD 2.0) yielded 2–3 sires per brood and no single paternity clutches. We discuss these results from natural populations in light of the body of work on reproductive ecology of decapod crustaceans and in the context of changes in life history following the transition from marine to freshwater habitats.

scholarly journals Population genetics of the school shark (Galeorhinus galeus) in New Zealand, Australian and Chilean waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sebastián Ignacio Hernández Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Microsatellite Dna ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Galeorhinus Galeus ◽  
Shark Fisheries

<p>The school shark (Galeorhinus galeus) is a coastal bentho-pelagic species that is highly migratory and has a widespread distribution in temperate waters. This species matures late, has a relatively low fecundity and is slow growing, which makes it vulnerable to overfishing. They are commercially fished throughout their distribution, and some global stocks have been under pressure because of poor management. In Australia, longline and gillnet fisheries targeted pregnant females and juveniles around Victorian and Tasmanian nursery grounds, resulting in loss of historical inshore nursery habitat. School shark tagging programmes have reported migration between Australian and New Zealand stocks, but preliminary genetic studies have suggested that there are slight genetic differences between the stocks. Currently, the Australian and New Zealand school shark fisheries are assessed and managed as separate stocks. However, the question of whether this species is comprised of a single population or multiple sub-populations in the South Pacific remains unresolved. Given the commercial importance of the school shark fisheries and the concern about stock levels on the regional and trans-Tasman scales, knowledge of stock structure is essential for effective management. The aim of this thesis research was to determine the levels of genetic diversity and population structure of G. galeus in New Zealand and Australia, and compare these to a population in Chile, using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and microsatellite DNA markers.  The DNA sequence of an 893 base pair region of the mtDNA control region (CR) was determined using 475 school shark samples and nine microsatellite DNA loci were genotyped in 239 individuals. Analyses of the data revealed strong evidence of genetic differentiation between G. galeus populations in Australasia and Chile, suggesting restricted gene flow among populations in the western and eastern areas of the Pacific Ocean. The FST values ranged from 0.188 to 0.300 for CR mtDNA, and 0.195 to 0.247 for microsatellite DNA in G. galeus. However, there was no evidence of stock differentiation among New Zealand/Australian sample sites for either mtDNA or microsatellite DNA data. These results support the model of a single panmictic stock across the Tasman Sea. The similarity of the results obtained from the maternally inherited mtDNA and biparental inherited microsatellite loci did not support the suggestion of sex-biased dispersal of G. galeus in the New Zealand/Australia region and it was concluded that females and males had similar patterns of dispersal.  Sharks can be either monogamous or polygamous, which is important when considering stock assessments and harvesting models. Multiple paternity has been reported in several shark species, however, the number of sires per litter varies considerably among species. An investigation of multiple paternity (MP) was conducted in G. galeus by assessing the levels of relatedness within progeny arrays using six polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers. Five “families” (mother and litters) were sampled from the North Island of New Zealand and a parentage analysis was conducted. The minimum number of males contributing to each progeny array was estimated by identifying the putative paternal alleles by allele counting and reconstructing multilocus genotypes method. The analysis showed the occurrence of genetic polyandry in G. galeus; two of five litters showing multiple sires involved in the progeny arrays (40%). The minimum number of sires per litter ranged from one to four. Although MP was only detected in two litters, this finding is consistent with the known reproductive characteristics of G. galeus. It can potentially store sperm for long periods of time and has a specific mating season when males and females typically mix on the edge of the continental shelf. Detecting MP within a litter has highlighted the importance of the post-copulatory selective processes in the G. galeus mating system, and this has implications for the management and conservation of genetic diversity.</p>

Frequency of multiple paternity in the grass snake (Natrix natrix)

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Meister ◽  
Sylvain Ursenbacher ◽  
Bruno Baur
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimate ◽  
New World ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Conservative Estimate ◽  
Natrix Natrix ◽  
Grass Snake

Males can enhance their reproductive success through mating with multiple females. For females, however, one mating is usually sufficient to inseminate all of their ova. Females may benefit from multiple mating by producing genetically more diverse offspring, and by having the opportunity to choose sperm of the genetically most compatible male. We used five microsatellite loci to investigate the occurrence and frequency of multiple paternity in 11 clutches of the grass snake (Natrix natrix) in Switzerland. Using a very conservative estimate (program GERUD), two or more fathers were found in 27% of the clutches. However, based on the maximum likelihood estimate (program COLONY), multiple paternity occurred in 91% of the clutches with 2-5 contributing males per female. This is the first investigation demonstrating multiple paternity in a European natricine, with a frequency similar to those found in new world natricines.

scholarly journals Microsatellite analysis of the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus to the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction

2010 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayme Aparecido Povh ◽  
Ricardo Pereira Ribeiro ◽  
Rodolfo Nadez Sirol ◽  
Danilo Pedro Streit Jr. ◽  
Heden Luiz Marques Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Microsatellite Marker ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Microsatellite Analysis ◽  
Natural System ◽  
Piaractus Mesopotamicus ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Parental Contribution

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction. Twenty parental fishes (eleven males and nine females) and the total of 100 larvae were evaluated by microsatellite marker. The parents and offspring had thirty-one alleles and heterozygosity of 0.550 and 0.563, respectively. The females were fertilised by two up to six males while the males fertilised three up to five females. The contribution of the females and males to the offspring were 66.6 and 58%, respectively. Such results indicated no loss in the genetic variability in the offspring, and the parents had multiple paternity and reasonable contribution to the offspring production.

scholarly journals Parentage Assignment Reveals Multiple Paternity in the Critically-Endangered Guatemalan Beaded Lizard (Heloderma Charlesbogerti)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenna A Levine ◽  
Robert Hill ◽  
Joseph Mendelson ◽  
Warren Booth
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mating System ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Parentage Analysis ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners ◽  
Species Of Conservation Concern ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genetic Mating System ◽  
Conservation Concern

Abstract Within captive management programs for species of conservation concern, understanding the genetic mating system is of fundamental importance, given its role in generating and maintaining genetic diversity and promoting opportunities for sperm competition. If a goal of a conservation program is reintroduction, knowledge of the mating system may also inform prediction models aimed at understanding how genetic diversity may be spatially organized, thus informing decisions regarding where and which individuals should be released in order to maximize genetic diversity in the wild population. Within captive populations, such information may also influence how animals are maintained in order to promote natural behaviors. Here we investigate the genetic mating system of the Guatemalan beaded lizard, Heloderma charlesbogerti, a member of a genus lacking such information. A group of adult male and female H. charlesbogerti were co-habited for five years during the species perceived breeding season. Through genomic parentage analysis, 50% of clutches comprising multiple offspring were found to result from polyandry, with up to three males siring offspring within single clutches. Furthermore, males were found to be polygamous both within and across seasons, and females would exhibit promiscuity across seasons. As such, within this captive environment, where opportunities existed for mating with multiple sexual partners, the genetic mating system was found to be highly promiscuous, with multiple paternity common within clutches. These findings are novel for the family Helodermatidae, and the results have broader implications about how reproductive opportunities should be managed within captive conservation programs.

scholarly journals Comparing the performance of analytical techniques for genetic parentage of half-sib progeny arrays

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
DEAN A. CROSHAW ◽  
MAUREEN B. PETERS ◽  
TRAVIS C. GLENN
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Bayesian Probability ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Analytical Approaches

SummaryThe prevalence of female multiple mating in natural populations is important for many questions in mating system evolution. Several statistical techniques use genetic data to estimate the number of fathers that contribute gametes to broods, but they have not been widely compared to assess the magnitude of differences in their performance. With a combination of new data and reanalysis of previously published data, we compared five analytical approaches: (1) allele-counting, (2) parental reconstruction in GERUD, (3) a Bayesian probability model to estimate the frequency of multiple mating (FMM), (4) computer simulations based on population allele frequencies in HAPLOTYPES and (5) Bayesian parental reconstruction in PARENTAGE. The results show that choice of analysis technique can significantly affect estimates of sire number. Estimates from GERUD conformed exactly to results obtained from strict exclusion of potential sires in an experimental context. However, estimates yielded by HAPLOTYPES and PARENTAGE sometimes exceeded the numbers from GERUD by as much as 120 and 55%, respectively. We recommend GERUD over these other approaches for most purposes because of its accuracy and consistency in this analysis. Our novel genetic data set allowed us to investigate the extent and frequency of multiple paternity in a marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum) population in South Carolina, USA. A. opacum contrasted with other salamander species by having relatively low levels of multiple paternity (only 31–54% compared with 71–96%). Although A. opacum had the lowest level of multiple paternity under all analytical approaches used here, the magnitude of differences among species varied.

Multiple paternity and communal maternal care in the feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus)

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marissa L. Parrott ◽  
Simon J. Ward ◽  
David A. Taggart
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Care ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Techniques ◽  
Behavioural Evidence

It has been predicted, on the basis of morphological and behavioural evidence, that female feathertail gliders (Acrobates pygmaeus) will mate with multiple males within a single oestrus and that multiple paternity may occur in their litters. To determine whether feathertail glider litters are sired by multiple males, DNA collected from 10 litters and their mothers was tested for hereditary polymorphisms. The techniques used to evaluate paternity included AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms), RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and RAMP (randomly amplified microsatellite polymorphisms) analyses and microsatellite markers. Although most genetic techniques produced only monomorphic bands, analyses with AFLPs indicated that multiple paternity did occur in six of eight litters, confirming that multiple mating within a single oestrous period occurs in this species. Results further indicated that mothers care for young other than their own. On the basis of their high testes-to-bodyweight ratio, male-biased sexual size dimorphism and multiple paternity in litters, sperm competition is considered highly likely to occur in this species.

Multiple paternity in field- and captive-laid egg strands of Sepioteuthis australis (Cephalopoda:Loliginidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. van Camp ◽  
S. C. Donnellan ◽  
A. R. Dyer ◽  
P. G. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
In Captivity

Previous observations on the mating behaviour of the southern calamary, Sepioteuthis australis Quoy & Gaimard 1833, revealed the potential for multiple paternities within egg strands, which contained up to eight eggs each. Six egg masses were laid in captivity from a possible 14 female and 20 male parents. By using five microsatellite loci, 112 eggs from 35 randomly selected egg strands were assigned sires using the potential fathers’ genotypes. Seven egg strands containing 22 eggs were also collected from the field to test that squid in captivity were apportioning eggs in natural ways, and that multiple paternity within egg strands was not an artefact of captivity. Ninety-seven per cent of strands laid in captivity showed multiple paternities. Similarly, multiple fathers were also evident in the field-laid egg strands. The maximum number of sires found within a single egg strand was four; however, three sires were more common. This is the first account of multiple paternities within egg strands laid by Sepioteuthis. It is likely that females are ‘spermatophore-limited’ when egg laying, and are promiscuous to ensure a ready supply of these sperm packets. Moreover, genetic diversity in a brood is increased by this mating strategy.

Multiple paternity in the moor frog, Rana arvalis

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Knopp ◽  
Juha Merilä
Keyword(s):  
Microsatellite Loci ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Rana Arvalis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Moor Frog

AbstractThe frequency of multiple paternity in 21 moor frog (Rana arvalis) egg clutches from one Swedish breeding locality was investigated using nine microsatellite loci. By genotyping on average 24 fertilized eggs per female, two different analyzes revealed multiple paternity in 14% and 29% of the egg clutches examined, respectively. In the multiply sired broods, approximately 23% of the individual eggs belonged to a second male. The observed frequency of multiple paternity was relatively high and in line with earlier amphibian studies. The evolutionary significance and proximate reason (active multiple mating or sperm leakage at communal lek) for the observed patterns remain unclear.

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