scholarly journals Review: Warfare with odours

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-186
Author(s):  
V. Benno Meyer-Rochow
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defence ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Induced Plant Defence

Insect-plant Interactions and Induced Plant Defence (Novartis Foundation Symposium 223). Editors: Derek J. Chadwick (organizer) and Jamie A. Goode (1999). John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England. 281 pp.

Animal–plant interactions

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Anwar Maun
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Intertidal Zone ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Secondary Plant Metabolites

Population dynamics of plant species of coastal sand dunes is influenced directly, both above and below the soil surface, by a wide variety of organisms. Plants serve as sources of carbon and pathogens including viruses, insects, bacteria, fungi, birds, and mammals of various kinds. Some enhance plant performance while others have deleterious effects. Positive interactions include pollination of flowers by useful insects in return for nectar and pollen, nutrient acquisition from soil by mycorrhizal fungi in exchange for carbon and acquiring nitrogen (N) from N-fixing bacteria. In the history of co-evolution between plants and organisms over one hundred million years plants have developed many mechanisms to defend themselves from pathogens. Morphology may be altered by producing epicuticular waxes, developing trichomes over leaves, producing tough leaves with deposition of celluloses, lignin, suberin and callose, developing thorns on stems and branches or producing secondary plant metabolites that retard development, intoxicate or kill herbivorous insects. Herbivory may induce a plant to produce chemicals that signal to advertise the presence of insects feeding on them and attract parasites to reduce their numbers. Phenological escape is also employed, such as delay of leaf expansion during periods of insect abundance. Some indirect mechanisms of plant defence involve the use of insects such as ants for protection from other phytophagous insects. However, the predators have also evolved the ability to break down the defence mechanisms of the plant. For example, they may use phytochemicals for their own defence or as olfactory clues for feeding. In this chapter a brief account of organisms of the coastal dune communities, including species of the intertidal zone, scavengers of the sea coast, reptiles, birds, insects, mammals and their possible interactions with terrestrial vegetation is presented. For biological organisms of the seashore the intertidal zone is the most important for food and shelter. The sand-dwelling species of the seashore must be able to contend with four limiting factors: (i) rush of water from the approaching or receding high tide and pounding breakers, (ii) low salinity of the top surface of sand (iii) desiccation of surface by high winds and sunshine and (iv) extreme changes in temperature of topsoil.

Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids – implication in phytophagy

2013 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sharma ◽  
A.N. Khan ◽  
S. Subrahmanyam ◽  
A. Raman ◽  
G.S. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Defence Mechanisms ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Plant Defence Mechanisms

AbstractMany hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as inAcyrthosiphon pisum(Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and ‘lava-lamp’ protein as inDiuraphis noxia(Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid–plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen–plant interactions.

scholarly journals Submergence deactivates wound-induced plant defence against herbivores

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jun Lee ◽  
Ji-Sun Park ◽  
Seung Yong Shin ◽  
Sang-Gyu Kim ◽  
Gisuk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Locus ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wound Responses ◽  
Induced Plant Defence ◽  
Ethylene Signalling

Abstract Flooding is a common and critical disaster in agriculture, because it causes defects in plant growth and even crop loss. An increase in herbivore populations is often observed after floods, which leads to additional damage to the plants. Although molecular mechanisms underlying the plant responses to flooding have been identified, how plant defence systems are affected by flooding remains poorly understood. Herein, we show that submergence deactivates wound-induced defence against herbivore attack in Arabidopsis thaliana. Submergence rapidly suppressed the wound-induced expression of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes, resulting in reduced JA accumulation. While plants exposed to hypoxia in argon gas exhibited similar reduced wound responses, the inhibitory effects were initiated after short-term submergence without signs for lack of oxygen. Instead, expression of ethylene-responsive genes was increased after short-term submergence. Blocking ethylene signalling by ein2-1 mutation partially restored suppressed expression of several wound-responsive genes by submergence. In addition, submergence rapidly removed active markers of histone modifications at a gene locus involved in JA biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that submergence inactivates defence systems of plants, which would explain the proliferation of herbivores after flooding.

scholarly journals Expansin-related proteins: biology, microbe–plant interactions and associated plant-defense responses

Microbiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (11) ◽  
pp. 1007-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia A. Narváez-Barragán ◽  
Omar E. Tovar-Herrera ◽  
Lorenzo Segovia ◽  
Mario Serrano ◽  
Claudia Martinez-Anaya
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Protein Detection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Colonization ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Related Proteins

Expansins, cerato-platanins and swollenins (which we will henceforth refer to as expansin-related proteins) are a group of microbial proteins involved in microbe-plant interactions. Although they share very low sequence similarity, some of their composing domains are near-identical at the structural level. Expansin-related proteins have their target in the plant cell wall, in which they act through a non-enzymatic, but still uncharacterized, mechanism. In most cases, mutagenesis of expansin-related genes affects plant colonization or plant pathogenesis of different bacterial and fungal species, and thus, in many cases they are considered virulence factors. Additionally, plant treatment with expansin-related proteins activate several plant defenses resulting in the priming and protection towards subsequent pathogen encounters. Plant-defence responses induced by these proteins are reminiscent of pattern-triggered immunity or hypersensitive response in some cases. Plant immunity to expansin-related proteins could be caused by the following: (i) protein detection by specific host-cell receptors, (ii) alterations to the cell-wall-barrier properties sensed by the host, (iii) displacement of cell-wall polysaccharides detected by the host. Expansin-related proteins may also target polysaccharides on the wall of the microbes that produced them under certain physiological instances. Here, we review biochemical, evolutionary and biological aspects of these relatively understudied proteins and different immune responses they induce in plant hosts.

scholarly journals Resource allocation in Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae): how a supra-annual fruiting affects plant traits and herbivory?

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Vieira da Costa ◽  
Antônio César Medeiros de Queiroz ◽  
Maria Luiza Bicalho Maia ◽  
Ronaldo Reis Júnior ◽  
Marcílio Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Tannin Concentration ◽  
Copaifera Langsdorffii

<p>Plants have limited resources to invest in reproduction, vegetative growth and defence against herbivorous. Trade-off in resources allocation promotes changes in plant traits that may affect higher trophic levels. The trade-off between vegetative growth and defence, and their indirect effects on herbivory in <em>Copaifera langsdorffii </em>was evaluated during two consecutive years of high and low reproductive investment of host plant. We asked: (i) does the resource investment on reproduction causes a depletion in vegetative growth as predicted by CNBH, resulting in more availability of resources to be allocated for defence? (ii) does the variation in resource allocation for growth and defence between years of high and low fruiting leads to indirect changes in herbivory? Thirty-five trees located in a cerrado area were monitored during 2008 (high fruiting) and 2009 (no fruiting) years to evaluate the differential investment in vegetative traits (biomass, growth and number of ramifications), plant defence (tannin concentration and plant hypersensitivity) and herbivory. During fruiting year, woody biomass negatively affected tannin concentration, indicating that fruit production restricted the resources which could be invested both in growth and defence. In addition, plant resistance and galling attack were positively influenced by tannin concentration and leaf biomass, suggesting that plants’ resistance to herbivory is a good proxy of plant defence and an effective defence strategy for <em>C. langsdorffii</em>. In summary, the supra-annual fruiting pattern promoted several effects on plant development, demonstrating the importance of evaluating different plants traits when characterizing the vegetative investment of a species. As expected, the trade-off promoted changes in defence compounds production and patterns of herbivory. The understanding of this important element of insect-plant interactions will be fundamental to decipher coevolutionary life histories and interactions between plants reproduction and herbivores attack. These direct and indirect trajectories of animal-plant interactions are important keys for the development of appropriate strategies for diversity conservation in tropical areas.</p>

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