scholarly journals Determination of the Critical Time of Fire in the Building and Ensure Successful Evacuation of People

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Hulida ◽  
Ivan Pasnak ◽  
Oleksandr Koval ◽  
Anatolii Tryhuba
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Engineering Method ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Critical Phase

An engineering method was developed for determining the critical time of fire and determining the probability of evacuation of people from zone of fire, which makes it possible, with simplified dependencies, to quickly determine all the necessary factors in the evacuation process of people in case of fire in the building. To explain the use of the developed method, the sequence and example of determining the critical time of fire and determining the probability of evacuation of people from zone of fire for enterprise is considered. It was shown how one could calculate the time of evacuation of people from the premises from the zone of fire. The safety of people is provided when the time of evacuation does not exceed the time of the onset of the critical phase of the development of fire. For this purpose, the period for which the temperature, smoke density, oxygen concentration, hydrogen chloride, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gas reaches extremely dangerous values for a person was calculated. After determining all the necessary quantities, the probability of evacuation of people was analyzed in the absence of firefighting equipment in the building. The parameters determined by this new method are adequate and confirmed by other methods of calculation, in particular, developed by Hulida, Koval and FDS program. The relative error between the specified parameters does not exceed 8...12% (in comparison with other mentioned methods).

RUMEN GAS ANALYSIS BY GAS-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McArthur ◽  
J. E. Miltimore
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Complete Analysis ◽  
Thermal Detector ◽  
Thermal Detection ◽  
Methane Carbon

Methods are described for sampling and analysing rumen gases. The analysis requires less than 15 minutes for the determination of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide, i.e., for all gases occurring in the rumen. The method is sensitive and requires only a small quantity of sample, and the sample volume need not be known. The presence of water or other vapours in the sample does not influence the results. Relative thermal detector responses have been determined for gases which occur in the rumen. These eliminate the necessity for the calibration of gas chromatographs using thermal detection. The first complete analysis of rumen gas is presented.

scholarly journals The Use of Cryogenic Temperature Gas Chromatography for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke

1972 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Morie ◽  
C.H. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Cryogenic Temperature ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Porapak Q ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

AbstractA gas chromatographic method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette smoke was developed. A column containing Porapak Q packing and a cryogenic temperature programmer which employed liquid nitrogen to cool the column to subambient temperatures was used. The separation of N

DETERMINATION OF RATES OF CHANGE OF POLARIZABILITY FROM RAMAN AND RAYLEIGH INTENSITIES

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 954-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Stansbury ◽  
M. F. Crawford ◽  
H. L. Welsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Internuclear Distance ◽  
Hydrogen Bromide ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Rates Of Change

Mean values of the rate of change of polarizability with respect to internuclear distance were determined for several molecules from the ratio of Raman and Ray-leigh intensities in the gas. The values obtained are: hydrogen, 1.2 × 10−16 cm.2; deuterium, 1.1; hydrogen chloride, 1.0; hydrogen bromide, 1.2; nitrogen, 1.6; oxygen, 1.4; carbon dioxide (ν1 vibration), 4.2; methane (ν1 vibration), 4.1. It is noteworthy that the values for the partially ionic molecules, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen bromide, are nearly the same as for hydrogen and deuterium.

scholarly journals The determination of the specific heat of gases at high temperatures by the sound velocity method II—Carbon dioxide

1936 ◽  
Vol 156 (889) ◽  
pp. 504-517 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Sound Velocity ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
Wave System ◽  
Sound Waves ◽  
Heated Tube ◽  
Specific Heats

In a previous paper an account was given of experiments to determine the specific heats of carbon monoxide up to a temperature of 1800° C. by the sound velocity method. The principle of the method employed was the setting up in a heated tube of a stationary train of sound waves; the source of the wave system being a quartz crystal vibrating piezo-electrically at a known frequency.

Gas-Solid Chromatographic Determination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Cigarette Smoke

1974 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Arthur D Horton ◽  
Michael R Guerin
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Relative Standard

Abstract Gas-solid chromatographic methods are presented for the determination of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or both simultaneously in the gas phase of cigarette smoke. The methods are optimized to allow quantitative determinations on the entire gas phase delivery of the cigarettes rather than single puffs and to allow the use of small numbers of cigarettes. Shortcomings of several sampling techniques are defined, and evidence is presented supporting the utility of Saran bag sampling and containment. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide analyses may be performed with relative standard errors of 2—3% and relative confidence intervals (95%) of 6—9% for determinations involving 4—6 cigarettes.

Decomposition of PCB's in the radio-frequency glow discharge plasmas of oxygen, hydrogen, and water vapor

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (22) ◽  
pp. 2876-2882 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Hiraoka ◽  
K. Aoyama ◽  
T. Nakamura ◽  
S. Mochizuki ◽  
K. Mitsumori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Glow Discharge ◽  
Radio Frequency ◽  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Glow Discharge Plasma ◽  
Radio Frequency Glow Discharge ◽  
Gaseous Products

A study was made on the decomposition of PCB's in a radio-frequency glow discharge plasma. PCB's were completely decomposed in plasmas of a few Torr of oxygen, hydrogen, and water vapor. Gaseous products from PCB's in an oxygen plasma were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, and chlorine dioxide. Hazardous compounds such as phosgene and vinyl chloride were not detected by gc–ms analysis. The total quantity of oxygen flowed past the sample was only about three times the stoichiometric oxygen required for the perfect oxidation of PCB's. In a hydrogen plasma, PCB's gave ethane and isobutane as major gaseous products and several higher hydrocarbons as minor products. Almost all of the chlorine in PCB's was converted to hydrogen chloride. Major products from PCB's in a water vapor plasma were carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride. No other products were detected. The mechanisms for reactions occurring in plasmas are discussed. The importance of the wall effect for the formation of solid products is discussed.

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