scholarly journals Comparative Study on Surfactants Mixtures in Aqueous Solution at Atmospheric Pressure and 10 bar Reservoir Atmosphere

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Elekes ◽  
Roland Nagy ◽  
László Bartha ◽  
Árpád Vágó
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Water Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Wide Range

This paper considers anionic and nonionic surfactants, as candidates for crude oil production by enhancement applications. In this study some colloidal properties of surfactants were tested by conventional and new test methods. The oil in water type emulsions have great importance in the petroleum industry. The stability of crude oil in water emulsions are investigated in a wide range of physical and chemical circumstances. Investigations at 10 bar are needed to get knowledges on the real conditions of the given petroleum exploration processes. A special glass cell was used for the tests of the mixtures various crude oil-water emulsions under hydrocarbon gas atmosphere and for the oil disclapement efficiency. Based on the experimental results it was found that emulsifying capacity was changed significantly by the real process conditions. The decrease of the density of hydrocarbon phase was contributed to the overall reduction in the efficiency of emulsifiers also occurred. Based on the experimented data it is supported to pay more attention to apply the real test conditions or approximate the real values.

scholarly journals Review of Oilfield Chemicals Used in Oil and Gas Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
M. Chukunedum Onojake ◽  
T. Angela Waka
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oilfield Chemicals

The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation and marketing of natural gas, crude oil and refined petroleum products. The oil industry demands more sophisticated methods for the exploitation of petroleum. As a result, the use of oil field chemicals is becoming increasingly important and has received much attention in recent years due to the vast role they play in the recovery of hydrocarbons which has enormous  commercial benefits. The three main sectors of the petroleum industry are Upstream, Midstream and Downstream. The Upstream deals with exploration and the subsequent production (drilling of exploration wells to recover oil and gas). In the Midstream sector, petroleum produced is transported through pipelines as natural gas, crude oil, and natural gas liquids. Downstream sector is basically involved in the processing of the raw materials obtained from the Upstream sector. The operations comprises of refining of crude oil, processing and purifying of natural gas. Oil field chemicals offers exceptional applications in these sectors with wide range of applications in operations such as improved oil recovery, drilling optimization, corrosion protection, mud loss prevention, drilling fluid stabilization in high pressure and high temperature environment, and many others. Application of a wide range of oilfield chemicals is therefore essential to rectify issues and concerns which may arise from oil and gas operational activities. This review intends to highlight some of the oil field chemicals and  their positive applications in the oil and gas Industries.

Validation of a Novel Model for Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Undergoing Crude Oil Fouling

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Coletti ◽  
Sandro Macchietto
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shell And Tube ◽  
Oil Fouling

Fouling in refinery heat transfer units is a major problem that affects plant’s economics, operability, safety and environmental impact. Traditional heat exchanger design methodologies based on fixed values for the fouling resistance (e.g. TEMA fouling factors) have drawn several critiques in the past 40 years and were found responsible for exacerbating fouling rather than mitigating it. The fouling factors approach is, in fact, highly empirical and neglects fouling dynamics and its dependency on process conditions. The ability of capturing such dependency is therefore pivotal to overcome traditional design limitations. A novel dynamic, distributed model for a multi–pass shell–and–tube heat exchanger undergoing crude oil fouling was recently proposed by Coletti and Macchietto. The model takes into account the exchanger geometry and configuration, the variation of fluid temperature, velocity, physical properties and fouling rate along the length of each unit and captures the interactions between the fouling layer growth and the fluid–dynamics by solving a moving boundary problem. In this paper, the model is validated over a wide range of operating conditions (i.e. temperatures and flowrates) with data from four different industrial units (2 single and 2 double shells). Geometries and process conditions used are those of two refineries belonging to major oil companies (ExxonMobil and Shell). Some model parameters are estimated for each exchanger using measurements during the first 60 days after a mechanical cleaning. The model is then used in a fully predictive mode for subsequent times. Results indicate that for all units the outlet temperatures (in °C) are predicted over extended periods (i.e. 4–16 months) with an excellent accuracy of ±1% for the tube-side and ±2% for the shell-side. It is concluded that the model can be used with confidence on a wide range of operating conditions to calculate reliable temperatures and fouling resistances.

2009 Release of offshore petroleum exploration acreage

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
John Hartwell
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Australian Government ◽  
Wide Range

John Hartwell is Head of the Resources Division in the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Canberra Australia. The Resources Division provides advice to the Australian Government on policy issues, legislative changes and administrative matters related to the petroleum industry, upstream and downstream and the coal and minerals industries. In addition to his divisional responsibilities, he is the Australian Commissioner for the Australia/East Timor Joint Petroleum Development Area and Chairman of the National Oil and Gas Safety Advisory Committee. He also chairs two of the taskforces, Clean Fossil Energy and Aluminium, under the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (AP6). He serves on two industry and government leadership groups delivering reports to the Australian Government, strategies for the oil and gas industry and framework for the uranium industry. More recently he led a team charged with responsibility for taking forward the Australian Government’s proposal to establish a global carbon capture and storage institute. He is involved in the implementation of a range of resource related initiatives under the Government’s Industry Action Agenda process, including mining and technology services, minerals exploration and light metals. Previously he served as Deputy Chairman of the Snowy Mountains Council and the Commonwealth representative to the Natural Gas Pipelines Advisory Committee. He has occupied a wide range of positions in the Australian Government dealing with trade, commodity, and energy and resource issues. He has worked in Treasury, the Department of Trade, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Primary Industries and Energy before the Department of Industry, Science and Resources. From 1992–96 he was a Minister Counsellor in the Australian Embassy, Washington, with responsibility for agriculture and resource issues and also served in the Australian High Commission, London (1981–84) as the Counsellor/senior trade relations officer. He holds a MComm in economics, and Honours in economics from the University of New South Wales, Australia. Prior to joining the Australian Government, worked as a bank economist. He was awarded a public service medal in 2005 for his work on resources issues for the Australian Government.

scholarly journals Using an acoustic levitator to investigate the drying kinetics and solids forming process of individual droplets during spray drying

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramona Huelsmann ◽  
Guenter J. Esper ◽  
Reinhard Kohlus
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Spray Drying ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Drying Kinetics ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acoustic Levitator

AbstractSpray drying is a widely used process to turn slurries into dry powders and is especially important for thermally-sensitive materials, that are often found in the food or pharmaceutical industry. However, detailed insight into the drying kinetics during spray drying is difficult to investigate due to the boundary conditions in a spray drying tower. As a result, there is a lack of important information on the drying process and subsequent solidification of individual droplets. In this context, an experimental setup for a droplet positioned in a stationary ultrasonic field of an acoustic levitator is designed to enable a non-contacting measurement of the drying kinetics and the subsequent solidification process. To generate a comparable situation like in a real spray drying process, the droplet is positioned in an airflow, where air temperature, humidity, and velocity can be adjusted over wide range. Using an infrared camera to measure the surface temperature and a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) camera for object recognition, the droplet can be observed continuously and drying kinetics of the droplet can be determined from the measured surface temperature and decreasing droplet size. Result of a 10 wt.% aqueous micro particle TiO2 suspension are reported and show that the investigated method is a very valuable and fast tool to safely scale-up spray drying systems very close to real process conditions. Especially when only small sample amounts are available in an early development stage.

scholarly journals Experimental and Modeling Investigations of the Viscosity of Crude Oil Binary Blends: New Models Based on the Genetic Algorithm Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
R.S. Al-Maamari ◽  
G. Vakili-Nezhaada ◽  
M. Vatani
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Binary Data ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
American Petroleum Institute ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Oil Blends ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Oil Mixtures

Achieving an estimation of viscosity in crude oil binary mixtures is often difficult because the relationship of viscosity, to the fraction of each crude oil, and many other parameters and constants is comply.  This relationship can be expressed by mathematical models with different variables. Besides the known models for predicting the viscosity of crude oil mixtures, the petroleum industry demands other models which give accurate predictions. In this work, two new empirical models have been developed for the calculation of the viscosity of binary crude oil blends. Two techniques—least square (LS) and genetic algorithm (GA)—were used to determine the parameters of the proposed models. Dynamic viscosity of 12 sets of crude oil blends at 298.15 K and 25 different shear rates were measured, resulting in 300 sets of binary data. Moreover, 700 sets of kinematic viscosity binary data were collected from literature sources and used along with 200 of the 300 sets of experimental binary data with a wide range of American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity (9.89–41.2) and viscosity (1.054–165,860 cSt) to examine existing available models as well as the newly developed models in this study. The remaining 100 experimental data points which were not used in the regression process were used for validating the models. The results in terms of the absolute average relative deviation (AARD%) were 33.546 and 14.195 for the LS method and 13.113 and 13.672 for the GA method for proposed models one and two, respectively. The results of statistical parameters based on the GA and LS methods showed that the GA is a superior method for new model parameter estimation as compared with the traditional LS technique. The GA-based models developed in this study provided the highest accuracy for viscosity calculation of the crude oil blends over all existing models in the literature.    

scholarly journals Pulsed Laser Influence on Temperature Distribution during Dual Beam Laser Metal Deposition

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 766
Author(s):  
Marius Gipperich ◽  
Jan Riepe ◽  
Kristian Arntz ◽  
Thomas Bergs
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Laser Metal Deposition ◽  
Effective Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Dual Beam ◽  
Wide Range

Wire-based Laser Metal Deposition (LMD-w) is a suitable manufacturing technology for a wide range of applications such as repairing, coating, or additive manufacturing. Employing a pulsed wave (pw) laser additionally to the continuous wave (cw) process laser has several positive effects on the LMD process stability. The pw-plasma has an influence on the cw-absorption and thus the temperature distribution in the workpiece. In this article, several experiments are described aiming to characterize the heat input during dual beam LMD. In the first setup, small aluminum and steel disks are heated up either by only cw or by combined cw and pw radiation. The absorbed energy is then determined by dropping the samples into water at ambient temperature and measuring the water’s temperature rise. In a second experiment, the temperature distribution in the deposition zone under real process conditions is examined by two-color pyrometer measurements. According to the results, the pw plasma leads to an increase of the effective absorption coefficient by more than 20%. The aim of this work is to achieve a deeper understanding of the physical phenomena acting during dual beam LMD and to deploy them selectively for a better and more flexible process control.

scholarly journals Application of the HLD Value in the Petroleum Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-178
Author(s):  
Roland Nagy ◽  
Péter Lendvai ◽  
Réka Kothencz ◽  
László Bartha
Keyword(s):  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Deviation Equation ◽  
Colloid System ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Emulsion Systems ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The efficiency of demulsification is a key process in terms of extracting the oil of O/V (oil-in-water type) emulsions of enhanced oil recovery. Consequently, the separation of emulsion systems and the recovery of the maximum amount of oil from the colloid system play an important role in the petroleum industry. The stability of the emulsions from oil recovery is influenced by numerous factors. J. L. Salager developed the HLD (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Deviation) equation in order to examine the efficiency of demulsification. Our aim was to investigate whether the equation developed by Salager is suitable for monitoring the stability of petroleum industrial emulsions.

scholarly journals Rotating Cylinder Microfiltration of Oil–in–Water Emulsion Using Novel Slotted Pore Filter

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Putu Doddy Sutrisna ◽  
Richard G. Holdich ◽  
Serguei R. Kosvintsev ◽  
Iain W. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Cross Flow Filtration ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Flow Filtration ◽  
Oil In Water Emulsion

Nowadays, oil–in–water emulsion has become an important topic in petroleum industry, which produces oil–inwater emulsion in the recovery of crude oil. Oil–in–water emulsion produced in crude oil recovery causes problems at different stages of the production in the petroleum industry. Recently, microfiltration has been applied in the separation of oil from water. In filtration of oil–in–water emulsion, there is the possibility of oil drops deforming and squeezing through the slot of membrane so the separation efficiency will decrease. This research has studied cross flow filtration of oil–in–water emulsion in a rotating system and also visualized the interaction of oil drops and slot shaped membrane pores. The drop or bubble–slot experiment used a slot with different width. It has been found that the squeezing of an oil drop in the slot is really determined by the pressure applied and velocity of the surrounding fluid. Cross flow microfiltration experiment was conducted using tubular slotted pore membrane with rotation to generate shear on the surface of membrane. Kerosene and crude oil were tested using 5.3 and 7.5 microns membrane at different rotation speed and permeate velocity. Experimental results indicated that in a no blocking condition, the movement of oil drops was determined by shear force and permeate drag force. While in blocking condition, the rejection of oil drops was determined by the formation and characteristic of the secondary membrane formed on the surface of membrane. Blocking will improve the filtration performance in relation to oil rejection, but it will increase the pressure needed or decrease the flux rate through the membrane.

scholarly journals Geosensing techniques for mineral exploration and mine planning

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
P.A. Gray ◽  
J.F. Doyle ◽  
P.H. Scaiffe
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Geophysical Methods ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
Mine Planning ◽  
Petroleum Exploration ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Geophysical Techniques

Geophysical techniques have been applied to petroleum exploration since early in the 20th Century. More recently geophysical methods have been applied in detail to mineral and coal exploration. As a generalisation, geophysical techniques have not been applied in the areas of mine planning, development and production.A variety of geophysical methods have been improved or adapted within BHP to provide accurate, cost effective services to the mine manager on time scales that are realistic for day to day planning and production. Considerable success has been achieved with in-seam seismic, cross-hole seismic and surface seismic techniques. Electrical and magnetic methods have also been beneficial for specific applications.The identification and evaluation of mineral deposits increasingly uses a range of advanced geophysical techniques. Geophysical techniques are now also emerging as key factors in mine planning and production. The purpose of this paper is to show how BHP is developing a variety of geophysical techniques to improve the eSfficiency of exploration, mine planning and production both for minerals and coal. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of these advanced geophysical techniques on day-to-day mine operations. This, of course is only one company's perspective viewpoint, but since BHP has such a wide diversity of operations, this viewpoint may have general applicability.BHP has had a long history of using geo-expertise in a wide range of operations over the past 40 years. This expertise developed in the minerals and coal industries but has subsequently developed into the petroleum industry. In regard to the coal industry alone, several notable geophysics firsts can be attributed to the coal geology groups within BHP. These firsts include: The application of surface seismics to coal exploration; Geophysical logging ? BHP were instrumental in bringing BPB Instruments Ltd to Australia; Radar ? early experiments were undertaken at Cook Colliery; Development and application of high resolution surface seismics in Queensland and New South Wales; Development and routine application of in-seam seismics; Cross-hole seismic/in-seam seismic tomography ? application of a production oriented package to coal and metalliferous mines.In the development of these techniques for the mining industry, a number of common factors are present which have resulted in them being commercially successful. BHP's background as a large resources company has obviously provided the initial impetus to develop smarter geophysical techniques, but this is only one factor which has made them successful. The old adage of a new product or technique being 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration also applies to the development of these techniques.Probably the most important single factor to consider for the successful development of innovative geophysical techniques is that they require a multi-stage team effort over at least two years, (typically 4-5 years for the more complex developments) and that failures can be expected throughout this period. Also the expectations of production personnel are often too great during this developmental stage, which leads to a perception that the technique in question is not useful even after all the 'bugs' in the system have been removed. The onus is on researchers to clearly outline both the potential benefits and possible failures of a new technique during its developmental stage, so that it will subsequently be more readily accepted in the mining production environment.

Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
V. C. Kannan ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
R. B. Irwin ◽  
S. Chittipeddi ◽  
F. D. Nkansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

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